tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65547255843985804492024-03-14T10:44:54.028-07:00Biology EducationAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10271231242125915327noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6554725584398580449.post-79491097184219928052013-06-07T03:57:00.001-07:002013-06-07T03:57:36.385-07:00AUTEKOLOGI, SINEKOLOGI DAN ASPEK TANAH<!--[if !mso]>
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PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar Belakang</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ekologi sangat erat kaitannya dengan lingkungan, makhluk
hidup dan hubungan diantara keduanya. Kelahiran, kematian yang silih berganti
di suatu kehidupan menandakan keberadaan ilmu ekologi. Dimulai dari
pengabsorsian tumbuhan (biotik) dari dalam tanah (abiotik) hingga berubah
menjadi substansi energi, diikuti dengan perpindahan yang terjadi hingga
kembali lagi ke tanah.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Peristiwa-peristiwa alam dan hubungan-hubungan inilah yang
ada didalam kajian ilmu ekologi. Namun, ekologi tidak dapat berdiri tanpa
bantuan dari ilmu-ilmu lainnya seperti biologi, biofisika, biokimia, seperti
ilmu tanah, geologi, geomorfologi, klimatologi ilmu lingkungan, dsb. Kontribusi
ilmu-ilmu lain sangat berperan dalam memahami konsep-konsep ekologi karena
dengan mempelajarinya, seseorang akan lebih mengerti kedudukan ilmu ekologi itu
sendiri.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Di Indonesia konsep ekologi sudah banyak diterapkan, baik
dalam pelestarian sumberdaya alam, perlindungan plasma nutfah, perlindungan
ekosistem mangrove<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hingga pengendalian
dalam jumlah populasi manusia yakni dengan program keluarga berencana. Melihat
segala potensi yang dapat diraih dengan mendalami ilmu ekologi khususnya
ekologi tumbuhan menandakan begitu pentingnya konsep dasar ekologi untuk
disebarluaskan ke segenap lapisan masyarakat.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Oleh karena itu, konsep dasar ilmu ekologi dan penerapannya
sangat penting itu untuk dipelajari. Dengan mengaplikasikannya ke dunia nyata,
hal-hal seperti global warming, pembalakan liar yang terjadi di negara ini pun
dapat teratasi jika ada reaksi positif dari masyarakat.</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan Masalah</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa yang dimaksud dengan Autekologi</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa yang dimaksud dengan Sinekologi</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Jelaskan Aspek tanah</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui Autekologi</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui Sinekologi</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui Aspek tanah</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB II<br />
PEMBAHASAN</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
A. Sinekologi (Ekologi komunitas)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sinekologi yaitu ekologi yang mempelajari kelompok organisme
yang tergabung dalam satu kesatuan dan saling berinteraksi dalam daerah
tertentu. Misalnya mempelajari struktur dan komposisi spesies tumbuhan di hutan
rawa, hutan gambut, atau di hutan payau, mempelajari pola distribusi binatang
liar di hutan alam, hutan wisata, suaka margasatwa, atau di taman nasional, dan
lain sebagainya.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sinekologi mempelajari kelompok individu sebagai suatu
komunitas. Pengaruh lingkungan terhadap komposisi dan struktur vegetasi
Morfologi, Anatomi, Histologi, Fisiologi, Genetika.<br />
Sering pula kita dengar istilah lain seperti: ekologi jenis, ekologi populasi,
ekologi komunitas dan ekologi ekosistem. Namun sekarang terdapat kecenderungan
untuk meninggalkan pembagian seperti tersebut diatas. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sinekologi
berkembangan dari Geografi Tumbuhan, yang mengkaji pada tingkat komunitas.
Sinonim dari Sinekologi adalah Ekologi komunitas, Filososiologi, Geobotani,
Ilmu Vegetasi dan Ekologi Vegetasi. Sinekologi mengkaji komunitas tumbuhan
dalam hal:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sosiologi Tumbuhan, yaitu deskripsi dan pemetaan tipe
vegetasi dan komunitas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Komposisi dan struktur komunitas</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengamatan dinamika komunitas, yang mencakup proses seperti
transfer nutrien dan energi antar anggota, hubungan antagonistis dan simbiotis
antara anggota, dan proses, dan suksesi (perubahan komunitas menurut waktu).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mencoba untuk mendeduksi tema evolusioner yang menentukan
bentuk komunitas secara evolusioner.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Contoh
kajian sinekologi :</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mempelajari
kelompok organisme yang tergabung dalam satu kesatuan dan saling berinteraksi
dalam daerah tertentu. Misalnya mempelajari struktur dan komposisi spesies
tumbuhan di hutan rawa, hutan gambut, atau di hutan payau, mempelajari pola
distribusi binatang liar di hutan alam, hutan wisata, suaka margasatwa, atau di
taman nasional, dan lain sebagainya.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="300" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="401" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Contoh : struktur dan
komposisi tumbuhan di hutan rawa</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">B. Autekologi
(Ekologi Spesies)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Autekologi Bagian dari ekologi tumbuhan yang mengkaji masalah
adaptasi dan tingkah laku spesies atau populasi dalam kaitannya dengan
lingkungannya. Sub divisi dari autekolgi meliputi demekologi (spesiasi),
ekologi populasi dan demografi (pengaturan ukuran populasi), ekologi fisiologi
atau ekofisiologi, dan genekologi (genetika). Bagaimana sifat fenologi,
fisiologi, morfologi dan tingkah laku atau genetik dari suatu spesies yang
sukses terus pada suatu habitat. Mereka mencoba menggambarkan bagaimana
pengaruh lingkungan pada tingkat populasi, Organismik dan sub organismik.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Autekologi
dapat bergerak kedalam spesialisasi lain di luar ekologi, seperti
fisiolog).Autekologi mencoba untuk menjelaskan mengapa suatu spesies dapat terdistribusi,
genetika, evolusi, dan biosistemtik. Autekologi, yaitu ekologi yang mempelajari
suatu spesies organisme atau organisme secara individu yang berinteraksi dengan
lingkungannya.Contoh autekologi misalnya mempelajari sejarah hidup suatu
spesiesorganisme, perilaku, dan adaptasinya terhadap lingkungan. Jadi, jika
kita mempelajari hubungan antara pohon Pinus merkusii dengan lingkungannya,
maka itu termasuk autekologi. Contoh lain adalah mempelajari kemampuan adaptasi
pohon merbau (Intsiapalembanica) di padang alang-alang, dan lain sebagainya.
Autekologi, ekologi yang mempelajari suatu jenis (spesies) organisme yang
berinteraksi dengan lingkunganya. Biasanya ditekankan pada aspek siklus hidup,
adaptasi terhadap lingkungan, sifat parasitis atau non parasitis, dan
lain-lain. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Autekologi, falsafah yang mendasarinya adalah dengan
memandang sebagai ukuran yang menggambarkan kondisi lingkungan sekitarnya.
Clements menyatakan bahwa setiap tumbuhan adalah alat pengukur bagi keadaan
lingkungan hidup tempat ia tumbuh. Dalam hal ini paling sedikit yang dimaksud
dengan alam lingkunganya adalah iklim dan tanah. Dari kajian ini lahir bidang
kajian yang menilai bahwa tumbuhan adalah sebagai indikator alam atau indikator
lingkungan hidup. Bidang kajian ini dikenal dengan ekologi fisiologi.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari segi autekologi, maka di hutan bisa dipelajari pengaruh
suatu faktor lingkungan terhadap hidup dan tumbuhnya suatu jenis pohon yang
sifat kajiannya mendekati fisiologi tumbuhan, dapat juga dipelajari pengaruh
suatu faktor lingkungan terhadap hidup dan tumbuhnya suatu jenis binatang liar
atau marga satwa. Bahkan dalam autekologi dapat dipelajari pola perilaku suatu
jenis binatang liar, sifat adaptasi suatu jenis binatang liar, maupun sifat
adaptasi suatu jenis pohon. Dari segi sinekologi, dapat dipelajari berbagai
kelompok jenis tumbuhan sebagai suatu komunitas, misalnya mempelajari pengaruh
keadaan tempat tumbuh terhadap komposisi dan struktur vegetasi, atau terhadap
produksi hutan. Dalam ekosistem hutan itu bisa juga dipelajari pengaruh
berbagai faktor ekologi terhadap kondisi populasi, baik populasi tumbuhan
maupun populasi binatang liar yang ada di dalamnya. Akan tetapi pada prinsipnya
dalam ekologi hutan, kajian dari kedua segi (autekologi dan sinekologi) itu
sangat penting karena pengetahuan tentang hutan secara keseluruhan mencakup
pengetahuan semua komponen pembentuk hutan, sehingga kajian ini diperlukan
dalam pengelolaan sumber daya hutan.Bagian dari ekologi tumbuhan yang mengkaji
masalah adaptasi dan tingkah laku spesies atau populasi dalam kaitannya dengan
lingkungannya. Sub divisi dari autekolgi meliputi demekologi (spesiasi),
ekologi populasi dan demografi (pengaturan ukuran populasi), ekologi fisiologi
atau ekofisiologi, dan genekologi (genetika).Autekologi mencoba untuk menjelaskan
mengapa suatu spesies dapat terdistribusi. Bagaimana sifat fenologi, fisiologi,
morfologi dan tingkah laku atau genetik dari suatu spesies yang sukses terus
pada suatu habitat. Mereka mencoba menggambarkan bagaimana pengaruh lingkungan
pada tingkat populasi, organismik dan sub organismik. Autekologi dapat bergerak
ke dalam spesialisasi lain di luar ekologi, seperti fisiologi, genetika,
evolusi dan biosistematik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Contoh
kajian autekologi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mempelajari pertumbuhan jenis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shorea leprosula</i> dengan pengaruh intensitas cahaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mempelajari pengaruh mikoriza terhadap pertumbuhan jenis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pinus merkusi</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Selain itu mempelajari sejarah hidup suatu spesies organisme,
perilaku, dan adaptasinya terhadap lingkungan. Misalnya mempelajari hubungan
antara pohon Pinus merkusii dengan lingkungannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">mempelajari kemampuan adaptasi pohon merbau (Intsia
palembanica) di padang alang-alang, dan lain sebagainya</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="366" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="488" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Contoh : interaksi pohon
pinus terhadap lingkungannya.</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Manusia memandang alam dari sudut pandang manusia, yaitu
antroposentrik. Manusia menganggap alam diciptakan untuk kepentingan dirinya.
Secara implisit bahwa sudah sejak lama telah dibutuhkan bangun alam agar
tercipta lingkungan yang sesuai dengan kehidupan manusia. Ilmu dan tekhnologi
diciptakan untuk menguasai alam. Dengan pandangan antroposentrik yang disertai
dengan keinginan taraf hidup yang makin tinggi dan perkembangan ilmu dan
teknologi yang amat pesat, eksploitasi lingkungan semakin meningkat.
Kecenderungan peningkatan itu ditambah pula oleh anggapan adanya sumber daya
umum yang dimiliki bersama atau boleh dikatakan tidak ada yang memiliki. Oleh
karena itu perlunya mempelajari ilmu lingkungan hidup agar dapat menempatkan
diri sesuai dengan porsinya di dalam lingkungan yang harus kita jaga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perbedaan antara sinekologi dan autelkologi</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: black; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 216.15pt;" valign="top" width="288">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="color: white; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Autekologi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: black; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 216.2pt;" valign="top" width="288">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="color: white; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sinekologi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 216.15pt;" valign="top" width="288">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bersifat filosofis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Deduktif </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Deskriptif </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sulit dengan pendekatan rancangan percobaan atau eksperimental design</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 216.2pt;" valign="top" width="288">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bersifat Eksperimental</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Induktif </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kuantitatif </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dapat dilakukan berdasarkan rancangan percobaan atau eksperimental
design </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">C. Aspek Tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanah (bahasa Yunani: pedon; bahasa Latin: solum) adalah
bagian kerak bumi yang tersusun dari mineral dan bahan organik. Tanah sangat
vital peranannya bagi semua kehidupan di bumi karena tanah mendukung kehidupan
tumbuhan dengan menyediakan hara dan air sekaligus sebagai penopang akar.
Struktur tanah yang berongga-rongga juga menjadi tempat yang baik bagi akar
untuk bernapas dan tumbuh. Tanah juga menjadi habitat hidup berbagai
mikroorganisme. Bagi sebagian besar hewan darat, tanah menjadi lahan untuk
hidup dan bergerak. Dari segi klimatologi, tanah memegang peranan penting
sebagai penyimpan air dan menekan erosi, meskipun tanah sendiri juga dapat
tererosi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Komposisi tanah berbeda-beda pada satu lokasi dengan lokasi
yang lain. Air dan udara merupakan bagian dari tanah.Ilmu tanah adalah
pengkajian terhadap <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_daya_alam"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sumber daya
alam</span></a>. Dalam ilmu ini dipelajari berbagai aspek tentang tanah,
seperti pembentukan, klasifikasi, pemetaan, berbagai karakteristik fisik,
kimiawi, biologis, kesuburannya, sekaligus mengenai pemanfaatan dan
pengelolaannya. Tanah adalah lapisan yang menyeliputi bumi antara <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litosfer"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">litosfer</span></a> (batuan yang
membentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kerak bumi</span></a>)
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atmosfer</span></a>. Tanah menjadi
tempat tumbuh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tumbuhan</span></a>
dan mendukung kehidupan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hewan</span></a>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">manusia</span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Pembentukan Tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Proses pembentukan tanah diawali dari pelapukan <a href="http://budisma.web.id/materi/sma/geografi/lapisan-dalam-bumi/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">batuan</span></a>,
baik pelapukan fisik maupun pelapukan kimia. Dari proses pelapukan ini, batuan
akan menjadi lunak dan berubah komposisinya. Pada tahap ini batuan yang lapuk
belum dikatakan sebagai tanah, tetapi sebagai bahan tanah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">regolith</i>) karena masih menunjukkan struktur batuan induk. Proses
pelapukan terus berlangsung hingga akhirnya bahan induk tanah berubah menjadi
tanah. Proses pelapukan ini menjadi awal terbentuknya tanah. Sehingga faktor
yang mendorong pelapukan juga berperan dalam pembentukan tanah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Curah
hujan dan sinar matahari berperan penting dalam proses pelapukan fisik, kedua
faktor tersebut merupakan komponen iklim. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa
salah satu faktor pembentuk tanah adalah iklim. Hanya kedua faktor itukah yang
memengaruhi pembentukan tanah? Ada beberapa faktor lain yang memengaruhi proses
pembentukan tanah, yaitu <a href="http://budisma.web.id/materi/sma/biologi-kelas-x/objek-kajian-biologi/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organisme</span></a>,
bahan induk, topografi, dan waktu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a.
Iklim</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Unsur-unsur
iklim yang memengaruhi proses pembentukan tanah terutama unsur <a href="http://budisma.web.id/materi/sma/fisika-kelas-x/besaran-pokok-dan-turunan/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">suhu</span></a>
dan curah hujan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1) Suhu/Temperatur</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Suhu
akan berpengaruh terhadap proses pelapukan bahan induk. Apabila fluktuasi suhu
tinggi, maka proses pelapukan akan berlangsung cepat sehingga pembentukan tanah
juga cepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2) Curah Hujan</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Curah
hujan akan berpengaruh terhadap kekuatan erosi dan pencucian tanah, sedangkan
pencucian tanah yang cepat menyebabkan tanah menjadi asam (<a href="http://budisma.web.id/materi/sma/kimia-kelas-xi/penentuan-ph-larutan-penyangga/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pH</span></a>
tanah menjadi rendah).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">b.
Organisme (Vegetasi, Jasad Renik/Mikroorganisme)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Organisme
sangat berpengaruh terhadap proses pembentukan tanah dalam hal:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1)
Membantu proses pelapukan baik pelapukan organik maupun pelapukan kimiawi.
Pelapukan organik adalah pelapukan yang dilakukan oleh makhluk hidup (hewan dan
tumbuhan), sedangkan pelapukan kimiawi terjadi oleh proses kimia seperti batu
kapur yang larut oleh air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2)
Membantu proses pembentukan humus. Tumbuhan akan menghasilkan dan menyisakan
daun-daunan dan ranting-ranting yang menumpuk di permukaan tanah. Daun dan
ranting itu akan membusuk dengan bantuan jasad renik/mikroorganisme yang ada di
dalam tanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3)
Pengaruh jenis vegetasi terhadap sifat-sifat tanah sangat nyata terjadi di
daerah beriklim sedang seperti di Eropa dan Amerika. Vegetasi hutan dapat
membentuk tanah hutan dengan warna merah, sedangkan vegetasi rumput membentuk
tanah berwarna hitam karena banyak kandungan bahan organik yang berasal dari
akar-akar dan sisa-sisa rumput.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4)
Kandungan unsur-unsur kimia yang terdapat pada tanaman berpengaruh terhadap
sifat-sifat tanah. Contoh, jenis tanaman cemara akan memberi unsur-unsur kimia
seperti <a href="http://budisma.web.id/materi/sma/kimia-kelas-xii/unsur-alkali-tanah/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ca, Mg, dan K</span></a>
yang relatif rendah, akibatnya tanah di bawah pohon cemara, derajat keasamannya
lebih tinggi daripada tanah di bawah pohon jati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">c.
Bahan Induk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahan
induk terdiri atas batuan vulkanik, batuan beku, batuan sedimen (endapan), dan
batuan metamorf. Batuan induk itu akan hancur menjadi bahan induk, kemudian
akan mengalami pelapukan dan menjadi tanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanah
yang terdapat di permukaan Bumi sebagian memperlihatkan sifat (terutama sifat
kimia) yang sama dengan bahan induknya. Bahan induk terkadang masih terlihat
pada tanah baru, misalnya tanah bertekstur pasir berasal dari bahan induk yang
kandungan pasirnya tinggi. Susunan kimia dan mineral bahan induk akan
memengaruhi intensitas tingkat pelapukan dan vegetasi di atasnya. Bahan induk
yang banyak mengandung unsur Ca akan membentuk tanah dengan kadar ion Ca yang
banyak pula, akibatnya pencucian asam silikat dapat dihindari dan sebagian lagi
dapat membentuk tanah yang berwarna kelabu. Sebaliknya bahan induk yang kurang kandungan
kapurnya membentuk tanah yang warnanya lebih merah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">d.
Topografi/Relief</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Keadaan
relief suatu daerah akan memengaruhi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1) Tebal atau Tipisnya Lapisan Tanah</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="341" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg" width="295" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="324" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="336" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tanah pada
pegunungan kapur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Daerah yang memiliki topografi miring dan berbukit, lapisan
tanahnya lebih tipis karena tererosi, sedangkan daerah yang datar lapisan
tanahnya tebal karena terjadi sedimentasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2) Sistem Drainase/Pengaliran</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Daerah
yang drainasenya jelek seperti sering tergenang menyebabkan tanahnya menjadi
asam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://budisma.web.id/materi/sma/fisika-kelas-xi/kecepatan-dengan-analisis-vektor/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">e. Waktu</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanah merupakan benda alam yang terus-menerus berubah, akibat
pelapukan dan pencucian yang terus-menerus. Oleh karena itu, tanah akan menjadi
semakin tua. Mineral yang banyak mengandung unsur hara telah habis mengalami
pelapukan, sehingga tinggal mineral yang sukar lapuk seperti kuarsa. Karena
proses pembentukan tanah yang terus berjalan, maka induk tanah berubah
berturut-turut menjadi tanah muda, tanah dewasa, dan tanah tua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanah muda ditandai oleh masih tampaknya pencampuran antara
bahan organik dan bahan mineral atau masih tampaknya struktur bahan induknya.
Contoh tanah muda adalah tanah aluvial, regosol, dan litosol. Tanah dewasa
ditandai oleh proses yang lebih lanjut sehingga tanah muda dapat berubah
menjadi tanah dewasa, yaitu dengan proses pembentukan horizon B. Contoh tanah
dewasa adalah andosol, latosol, dan grumusol. Tanah tua proses pembentukan
tanah berlangsung lebih lanjut sehingga terjadi proses perubahan-perubahan yang
nyata pada perlapisan tanah. Contoh tanah pada tingkat tua adalah jenis tanah
podsolik dan latosol tua (laterit).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lamanya waktu yang diperlukan untuk pembentukan tanah
berbeda-beda. Bahan induk vulkanik yang lepas-lepas seperti abu vulkanik
memerlukan waktu 100 tahun untuk membentuk tanah muda dan 1.000–10.000 tahun
untuk membentuk tanah dewasa. Dengan melihat perbedaan sifat faktor-faktor
pembentuk tanah tersebut, pada suatu tempat tentunya akan menghasilkan ciri dan
jenis tanah yang berbeda-beda pula. Sifat dan jenis tanah sangat tergantung
pada sifat-sifat faktor pembentukan tanah. Kepulauan Indonesia mempunyai
berbagai tipe kondisi alam yang menyebabkan adanya perbedaan sifat dan jenis
tanah di berbagai wilayah, akibatnya tingkat kesuburan tanah di Indonesia juga
berbeda-beda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Klasifikasi Tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Jenis tanah
merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam pertumbuhan tanaman karena perbedaan
jenis <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
mempengaruhi sifat-sifat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
tersebut. Untuk memahami hubungan antara jenis <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
, diperlukan pengetahuan yang mampu mngelompokkan <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
secara sistematik sehingga dikenal banyak sekali sistem klasifikasi yang
berkembang. Untuk mempelajari hubungan antar jenis <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
maka sistem klasifikasi <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
dibagi menjadiKlasifikasi tanah dapat dibedakan menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 23.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -.92; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-para-margin-left: 1.07gd; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -11.05pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">klasifikasi alami dan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 23.15pt; mso-char-indent-count: -.93; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -11.15pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">klasifikasi teknis. </span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 190.25pt;" valign="top" width="254">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 242.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="323">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Klasifikasi alami yakni klasifikasi <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
yang didasarkan atas sifat <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
yang dimiliki tanpa menghubungkan sama sekali dengan tujuan penggunaannya.
Klasifikasi ini memberikan gambaran dasar terhadap sifat fisik, kimia dan
mineralogi <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
yang dimiliki masing-masing kelas dan selanjutnya dapat digunakan sebagai dasar
pengelolaan bagi berbagai penggunaan <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>.</span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" width="300">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Klasifikasi teknis yakni klasifikasi <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
yang didasarkan atas sifat-sifat <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
yang mempengaruhi kemampuan untuk penggunaan tertentu. Misalnya, untuk menanam
tanaman semusim, <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
diklasifikasikan atas dasar sifat-sifat <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman
semusim seperti kelerengan, tekstur, pH dan lain-lain. Dalam praktiknya untuk
mempelajari jenis <a href="http://www.irwantoshut.net/agroforestry_kesuburan_tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>
maka sistem klasifikasi yang digunakan adalah sistem klasifikasi alami.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="316" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg" width="422" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada
awalnya jenis tanah dikalsifikasikan berdasarkan prinsip zonalitas, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanah zonal, yakni tanah dengan faktor pembentuk tanah berupa
iklim dan vegetasi,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanah intrazonal, yakni tanah dengan faktor pmbentuk tanah
berupa faktor lokal terutama bahan induk dan relief,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanah azonal, yakni tanah yang belum mennjukkan perkembangan
profil dan dianggap sebagai awal proses pembentukan tanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kemudian dalam perkembangannya jenis tanah diklasifikasikan
berdasarkan sifat tanah (taksonomi tanah). Sistem ini pertama kali dikembangkan
oleh USDA (United State Departement of Agriculture) pada tahun 1960 yang
dikenal dengantujuh pendekatan dan sejak tahun 1975 dikenal dengan nama
taksonomi tanah. Sistem ini bersifat alami berdasarkan karakteristik tanah yang
teramati dan terukur yang dipengaruhi oleh proses genesis. Berdasarkan ada
tidaknya horizon penciri dan sifat penciri lainnya maka dalam taksonomi tanah
dibedakan atas enam kategori yakni ordo, subordo, greatgroup, subgroup, family
dan seri. Pada edisi Taksonomi tanah tahun 1998 terdapat 12 ordo jenis tanah.
Keduabelas ordo tersebut adalah Alfisols, Andisols, Aridisols, Entisols,
Gelisols, Histosols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Oxisols, Spodosols, Ultisols dam
Vertisols.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.7pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3. </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteris Tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.7pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik tanah ataupun <a href="http://dwi-jo.blogspot.com/2012/01/karakteristik-tanah-sifat-tanah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sifat tanah</span></a>
berbeda-beda antara jenis tanah subur dan juga kurang subur atau memiliki unsur
hara sedikit. Tanah yang kaya akan unsur hara sangat baik untuk tanaman,
sedangkan tanah tandus yang kurang subur biasanya hanya sesuai untuk jenis
tanaman tertentu misalnya pohon jati. Sifat tanah yang memiliki kesuburan
tinggi biastikanya tanahnya coklat kehitaman dengan tekstur gembur. Tanah jenis
ini sangat baik untuk pertumbuhan tanaman. Namun tidak sedikit juga tanah yang kurang
subur seperti tanah dengan kadar batu kapur tinggi masih dapat dipakai untuk
bercocok tanam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.7pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4. Tekstur dan Struktur
Tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.7pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a. Tekstur Tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.7pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tekstur tanah merupakan gambaran tingkat kekasartan atau
kehalusan bahan mineral yang menyusun tanah.Tekstur tanah di tentikan oleh
proporsi tiga jenis partikel tanah,yaitu pasir,debu/endapan lumpur,dan
lempung/liat.pembagian ini berdasarklan ukuran partikel ketiga jenis tanah
tersebut.Pasir memiliki ukuran partikel paling besar sedangkan lempung memiliki
ukuran partikel paling kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.7pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tekstur tanah sangat menentukan kualitas tanah terutama dalam
dalam hal kemampuannya menahan air.tekstur tanah merupakan gambaran tinkat
kekasaran atau kehalusan bahan mineral yang menyusun tanah.disini tekstur tanah
ditentukan 3 jenis partikel tanah yaitu,pasir,debu/endapan lumpur,dan
lempung/liat.disini dijelaskan pula bahwa tanah yang mengandung banyak lempung
dianggap memiliki tingkat kesuburan yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.7pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Struktur tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.7pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Struktur tanah terbentuk melalui Agregasi berbagai partikel
tanah yang menghasilkan bentuk/susunan tertentu pada tanah.Struktur tanah juga
menentukan ukuran dan jumlah rongga antar partikel tanah yang mempengaruhi
pergerakan air,udara,akar tumbuhan,dan organisme tanah.Beberapa jenis struktur
tanah adalah remah,butir(granular), lempeng, balok,prismatik,dan tiang. Pembagian
jenis tanah yang dilakukan oleh para ilmuan ada berbagai macam.Berikut ini
adalah beberapa jenis tanah berdasarkan USDA(United States Department of
Agriculture) :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Alfisols</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Tanah yang mempunyai
epipedon okrik dan horzon argilik dengan kejenuhan basa sedang sampai tinggi.
Pada umumnya tanah tidak kering. Jenis tanah yang ekuivalen dengan jenis tanah
ini adalah tanah half-bog, podsolik merah kuning dan planosols.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Andisols</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Merupakan jenis tanah yang
ketebalannya mencapai 60%, mempunyai sifat andik. Tanah yang ekuivalen dengan
tanah ini adalah tanah andosol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Aridisol</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tanah yang berada pada regim kelengasan arida
atau tanah yang rgim kelengasan tanahnya kering. Tanah yang ekuivalen dengan
jenis tanah ini adalah tanah coklat (kemerahan) dan tanah arida (merah).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Entisols</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Tanah yang belum
menunjukkan perkembangan horizon dan terjadi pada bahan aluvian yang muda.
Tanah yang ekuivalen dengan jenis tanah ini adalah tanah aluvial, regosol dn
tanah glei humus rendah</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gelisols</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Merupakan jenis tanah yang
memiliki bahan organik tanah. Jenis ini tidak dijumpai di Indonesia</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Histosols</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Tanah yang mengandung
bahan organik dari permukaan tanah ke bawah, paling tipis 40 cm dari permukaan.
Tanah yang ekuivalen dengan jenis tanah ini adalah tanah bog dan tanah gambut.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Inceptisols</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Merupakan jenis tanah di
wilayah humida yang mempunyai horizon teralterasi, tetapi tidak menunjukkan
adanya iluviasi, eluviasi dan pelapukan yang eksterm. Jenis tanah ekuivalen
dengan jenis tanah ini adalah tanah brown forest, glei humik dan glei humik
rendah.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mollisols</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Tanah yang mempunyai warna
kelam dengan horizon molik di wilyah stepa. Jenis tanah yang ekuivalen dengan
jenis tanah ini adalah tanah brunizem, tanah rendzina.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Oxisols.</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanah yang memiliki horizon
oksik pada kedalaman kurang dari 2 meter dari permukaan tanah. Tanah yang
ekuivalen dengan jenis tanah ini adalah jenis tanah laterik.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Spodosols</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Tanah yang memiliki
horizon spodik dan memiliki horizon eluviasi. Jenis tanah yang ekuivalen dengan
jenis tanah ini adalah podsolik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ultisols</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Tanah yang memiliki
horizon argilik dengan kejenuhan basa rendah (< 35%) yang menurun sesuai
dengan kedalaman tanah. Tanah yang sudah berkembang lanjut dibentangan lahan
yang tua. Jenis tanah yang ekuivalen dengan jenis tanah ini adalah tanah
laterik coklat-kemerahan dan tanah podsolik merah- kuning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Vertisols</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Tanah lempung yang dapat
mengembang dan mengerut. Dalam keadaan kering dijumpai retkan yang lebar dan
dalam. Jenis tanah yang ekuivalen dengan jenis tanah ini adalah tanah grumosol.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="246" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.jpg" width="277" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Struktur Tanah merupakan gumpalan-gumpalan kecil dari tanah
akibat melekatnya butir-butir tanah satu sama lain. Struktur tanah memiliki bentuk
yang berbeda-beda yaitu sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lempeng (Platy), ditemukan di horizon A.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Prisma (Prosmatic), ditemukan di horizon B pada daerah iklim
kering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tiang (Columnar), ditemukan di horizon B pada daerah iklim
kering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gumpal bersudut (Angular blocky), ditemukan pada horizon B
pada daerah iklim basah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gumpal membulat (Sub angular blocky), ditemukan pada horizon
B pada daerah iklim basah.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Granuler (Granular), ditemukan pada horizon A.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Remah (Crumb), ditemukan pada horizon A.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.7pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB III<br />
PENUTUP</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
Kesimpulan </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sinekologi yaitu ekologi yang mempelajari kelompok organisme
yang tergabung dalam satu kesatuan dan saling berinteraksi dalam daerah
tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Autekologi Bagian dari ekologi tumbuhan yang mengkaji masalah
adaptasi dan tingkah laku spesies atau populasi dalam kaitannya dengan
lingkunganny</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Aspek tentang tanah, seperti pembentukan, klasifikasi,
pemetaan, berbagai karakteristik fisik, kimiawi, biologis, kesuburannya,
sekaligus mengenai pemanfaatan dan pengelolaannya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10271231242125915327noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6554725584398580449.post-5399162226297733512013-06-04T05:53:00.002-07:002013-06-04T05:53:41.532-07:00<br />
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<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LAPORAN BAKTERIOLOGI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENYAKIT PADA TANAMAN YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH BAKTERI</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><img alt="" 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" /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
</div>
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<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
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<span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background1;">Disusun Oleh</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: background1;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: background1;">BERLIAN NUR / 1005015014</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: background1;">PUPUT NOVA TRIANI / 1005015026</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: background1;">SITTI AISYAH / 1005015018</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: background1;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt;">FAKULTAS
KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt;">UNIVERSITAS
MULAWARMAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt;">SAMARINDA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt;">2013</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENYAKIT PADA TANAMAN <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH BAKTERI</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui penyakit pada tanaman </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">pepaya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
yang disebabkan oleh bakteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui penyakit pada tanaman </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">cabe
rawit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang disebabkan oleh bakteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui penyakit pada tanaman </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">pisang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
yang disebabkan oleh bakteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui penyakit pada tanaman ter</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">o</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ng
yang disebabkan oleh bakteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui penyakit pada tanaman </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">singkong</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
yang disebabkan oleh bakteri.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B.Dasar Teori</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bakteri</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span lang="IN">(dari
kata<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Latin</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>bacterium</i>; jamak:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>bacteria</i>) adalah kelompok<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organisme</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang tidak memiliki membran inti sel.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Organisme ini termasuk ke dalam domain<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokariota" title="Prokariota"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">prokariota</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan berukuran sangat kecil
(mikroskopik), serta memiliki peran besar dalam kehidupan di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bumi</span></a>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Beberapa kelompok bakteri dikenal
sebagai agen penyebab<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infeksi" title="Infeksi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">infeksi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit" title="Penyakit"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penyakit</span></a>,
sedangkan kelompok lainnya dapat memberikan manfaat dibidang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangan" title="Pangan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pangan</span></a>,
peng<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obat" title="Obat"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">obatan</span></a>,
dan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri" title="Industri"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">industri</span></a>.
Struktur sel bakteri relatif sederhana: tanpa<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleus" title="Nukleus"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nukleus</span></a>/inti
sel,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerangka_sel" title="Kerangka sel"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kerangka sel</span></a>,
dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organel" title="Organel"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organel</span></a>-organel
lain seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitokondria" title="Mitokondria"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mitokondria</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplas" title="Kloroplas"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kloroplas</span></a>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Hal inilah yang menjadi dasar
perbedaan antara<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" title="Sel"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sel</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokariot" title="Prokariot"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">prokariot</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dengan sel<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">eukariot</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang lebih kompleks. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Bakteri dapat ditemukan di hampir semua tempat: di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">udara</span></a>, dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbiosis" title="Simbiosis"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">simbiosis</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dengan organisme lain maupun sebagai
agen<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasit" title="Parasit"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">parasit</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">patogen</span></a>),
bahkan dalam tubuh manusia.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Pada
umumnya, bakteri berukuran 0,5-5 μm, tetapi ada bakteri tertentu yang dapat
berdiameter hingga 700 μm, yaitu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomargarita" title="Thiomargarita"><i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Thiomargarita</span></i></a>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Mereka umumnya memiliki<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dinding sel</span></a>,
seperti sel<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tumbuhan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jamur</span></a>, tetapi dengan bahan
pembentuk sangat berbeda (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglikan" title="Peptidoglikan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">peptidoglikan</span></a>). Beberapa jenis bakteri bersifat
motil (mampu bergerak) dan mobilitasnya ini disebabkan oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagel" title="Flagel"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">flagel</span></a>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">Struktur Bakteri</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Seperti prokariot (organisme yang tidak memiliki<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Membran_inti&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Membran inti (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">membran inti</span></a>) pada
umumnya, semua bakteri memiliki struktur sel yang relatif sederhana.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Sehubungan dengan ketiadaan membran
inti, meteri genetik (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">DNA</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" title="RNA"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">RNA</span></a>) bakteri
melayang-layang di daerah sitoplasma yang bernama<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nukleoid&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nukleoid (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nukleoid</span></a>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Salah satu struktur bakteri yang
penting adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dinding sel</span></a>.
Bakteri dapat diklasifikasikan dalam dua kelompok besar berdasarkan struktur
dinding selnya, yaitu bakteri gram negatif dan bakteri gram positif. Bakteri
gram positif memiliki dinding sel yang tersusun dari lapisan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglikan" title="Peptidoglikan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">peptidoglikan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(sejenis molekul<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisakarida" title="Polisakarida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">polisakarida</span></a>)
yang tebal dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_teikoat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Asam teikoat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam teikoat</span></a>, sedangkan
bakteri gram negatif memiliki lapisan peptidoglikan yang lebih tipis dan
mempunyai struktur<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolisakarida" title="Lipopolisakarida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lipopolisakarida</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang tebal. Metode yang digunakan
untuk membedakan kedua jenis kelompok bakteri ini dikembangkan oleh ilmuwan
Denmark, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Christian_Gram&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hans Christian Gram (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hans Christian Gram</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pada tahun 1884. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Banyak bakteri memiliki struktur di luar sel lainnya seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagel" title="Flagel"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">flagel</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fimbria&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Fimbria (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fimbria</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang digunakan untuk bergerak, melekat
dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konjugasi" title="Konjugasi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">konjugasi</span></a>.
Beberapa bakteri juga memiliki kapsul yang beperan dalam melindungi sel bakteri
dari kekeringan dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagositosis" title="Fagositosis"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fagositosis</span></a>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Struktur kapsul inilah yang sering
kali menjadi faktor virulensi penyebab penyakit, seperti yang ditemukan pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli"><i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Escherichia
coli</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pneumoniae&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Streptococcus
pneumoniae</span></i></a>. Bakteri juga memiliki<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kromosom</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ribosom</span></a>,
dan beberapa spesies lainnya memiliki<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granula&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Granula (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">granula</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>makanan,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola" title="Vakuola"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vakuola gas</span></a>,
dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetosom&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Magnetosom (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">magnetosom</span></a>. Beberapa
bakteri mampu membentuk diri menjadi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endospora&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Endospora (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">endospora</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang membuat mereka mampu bertahan
hidup pada lingkungan ekstrim.<i> </i><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum"><i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Clostridium botulinum</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merupakan salah satu contoh bakteri
penghasil endospora yang sangat tahan suhu dan tekanan tinggi, dimana bakteri
ini juga termasuk golongan bakteri penyebab keracunan pada makanan kaleng. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Morfologi Bakteri</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kokus (<i>Coccus</i>) adalah bakteri yang berbentuk
bulat seperti bola dan mempunyai beberapa variasi sebagai berikut: </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mikrococcus</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, jika kecil
dan tunggal</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diplococcus</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, jka
berganda dua-dua</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tetracoccus</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, jika
bergandengan empat dan membentuk bujur sangkar</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sarcina</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, jika
bergerombol membentuk kubus</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Staphylococcus</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, jika
bergerombol</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Streptococcus</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, jika
bergandengan membentuk rantai</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Basil (<i>Bacillus</i>)
adalah kelompok bakteri yang berbentuk batang atau silinder, dan mempunyai
variasi sebagai berikut: </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diplobacillus</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, jika
bergandengan dua-dua</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Streptobacillus</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, jika
bergandengan membentuk rantai</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spiral (<i>Spirilum</i>)
adalah bakteri yang berbentuk lengkung dan mempunyai variasi sebagai berikut: </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vibrio</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, (bentuk
koma), jika lengkung kurang dari setengah lingkaran (bentuk koma)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spiral</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, jika
lengkung lebih dari setengah lingkaran</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spirochete</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, jika
lengkung membentuk struktur yang fleksibel. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bentuk
tubuh/</span><span lang="IN"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfologi" title="Morfologi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">morfologi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> bakteri
dipengaruhi oleh keadaan lingkungan, medium, dan usia. Walaupun secara
morfologi berbeda-beda, bakteri tetap merupakan sel tunggal yang dapat hidup
mandiri bahkan saat terpisah dari koloninya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Alat Gerak</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Banyak </span><span lang="IN"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">spesies</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> bakteri
yang bergerak menggunakan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagel" title="Flagel"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">flagel</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Bakteri
yang tidak memiliki alat gerak biasanya hanya mengikuti pergerakan media
pertumbuhannya atau lingkungan tempat bakteri tersebut berada. Sama seperti
struktur kapsul, flagel juga dapat menjadi agen penyebab penyakit pada beberapa
spesies bakteri. Berdasarkan tempat dan jumlah flagel yang dimiliki,
bakteri dibagi menjadi lima golongan, yaitu: </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atrik</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, tidak
mempunyai flagel. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Monotrik</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, mempunyai
satu flagel pada salah satu ujungnya. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lofotrik</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, mempunyai
sejumlah flagel pada salah satu ujungnya. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Amfitrik</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, mempunyai
satu flagel pada kedua ujungnya. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peritrik</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, mempunyai
flagel pada seluruh permukaan tubuhnya</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaruh Lingkung Terhadap Bakteri</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="background: white;">Kondisi lingkungan yang mendukung dapat memacu
pertumbuhan dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduksi" title="Reproduksi"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">reproduksi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">bakteri.
Faktor-faktor lingkungan yang berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan reproduksi
bakteri adalah </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">suhu</span></a><span style="background: white;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelembapan" title="Kelembapan"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kelembapan</span></a><span style="background: white;">, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahaya" title="Cahaya"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cahaya</span></a><span style="background: white;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Secara umum, terdapat beberapa alat
yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan pengamatan sel bakteri terhadap berbagai
parameter tersebut, seperti </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mikroskop</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">optikal,
mikroskop<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">elektron</span></a><span style="background: white;">, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_force_microscope&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Atomic force microscope (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atomic force microscope</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">(AFM).</span>
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pepaya</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pepaya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Carica papaya</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeus" title="Linnaeus"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">L.</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">), atau <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">betik</span> adalah tumbuhan yang berasal dari </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Meksiko</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
bagian selatan dan bagian utara dari </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Amerika Selatan</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
dan kini menyebar luas dan banyak ditanam di seluruh daerah </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropika" title="Tropika"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tropis</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
untuk diambil buahnya. <i>C. papaya</i> adalah satu-satunya jenis dalam </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">genus</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Carica</span></i>. Nama pepaya dalam
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
diambil dari </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Belanda</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
"papaja", yang pada gilirannya juga mengambil dari nama </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arawak" title="Bahasa Arawak"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Arawak</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
"papaya". Dalam </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Jawa</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
pepaya disebut "katès" dan dalam </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sunda" title="Bahasa Sunda"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Sunda</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
"gedang".</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pepaya adalah <i>monodioecious'</i> (berumah
tunggal sekaligus berumah dua) dengan tiga kelamin: tumbuhan jantan, betina,
dan banci (</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodit"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hermafrodit</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">). Tumbuhan jantan dikenal sebagai
"pepaya gantung", yang walaupun jantan kadang-kadang dapat
menghasilkan buah pula secara "</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenogenesis"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">partenogenesis</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">". Buah ini mandul (tidak menghasilkan biji subur), dan dijadikan
bahan obat tradisional. Bunga pepaya memiliki </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkota_bunga"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mahkota bunga</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> berwarna kuning pucat dengan tangkai atau duduk pada batang. Bunga jantan
pada tumbuhan jantan tumbuh pada tangkai panjang. Bunga biasanya ditemukan pada
daerah sekitar pucuk.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">buah</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bulat hingga memanjang, dengan ujung
biasanya meruncing. Warna buah ketika muda hijau gelap, dan setelah masak hijau
muda hingga kuning. Bentuk buah membulat bila berasal dari tanaman betina dan
memanjang (oval) bila dihasilkan tanaman banci. Tanaman banci lebih disukai
dalam budidaya karena dapat menghasilkan buah lebih banyak dan buahnya lebih
besar. Daging buah berasal dari karpela yang menebal, berwarna kuning hingga
merah, tergantung varietasnya. Bagian tengah buah berongga. Biji-</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biji"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biji</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berwarna hitam
atau kehitaman dan terbungkus semacam lapisan berlendir (<i>pulp</i>) untuk
mencegahnya dari kekeringan. Dalam budidaya, biji-biji untuk ditanam kembali
diambil dari bagian tengah buah. Kelamin jantan pepaya ditentukan oleh suatu
kromosom Y-primitif, yang 10% dari keseluruhan panjangnya tidak mengalami </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rekombinasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rekombinasi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">rekombinasi</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Suatu </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penanda_genetik"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penanda genetik</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAPD" title="RAPD"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">RAPD</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> juga telah
ditemukan untuk membedakan pepaya berkelamin betina dari pepaya jantan atau
banci. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cabe Rawit</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cabai atau cabe </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">rawit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau lombok (bahasa
Jawa) adalah buah dan tumbuhan anggota genus <em>Capsicum</em>. Buahnya dapat
digolongkan sebagai sayuran maupun bumbu, tergantung bagaimana digunakan.
Sebagai bumbu, buah cabai yang pedas sangat populer di Asia Tenggara sebagai
penguat rasa makanan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman cabe berasal dari Peru Amerika
Selatan dengan garis lintang 0<sup>0</sup> - 30<sup>0</sup> LU dan 0<sup>0</sup>
- 30<sup>0</sup> yang dulunya merupakan tanaman liar yang disebarkan oleh
buning (cabe buning) mempunyai nama ilmiah capsium frustescens. Capsium
pendulum, capsium baccatum dan capsium chinese. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemudian pada tahun 1490-an colombus
mendarat di Benua Amerika Selatan. Tanaman cabe adalah tanaman yang berbeda
dengan tanaman yang sejenis yang pernah disaksikan Colombus di Eropa. Jenis
cabe yang ditemukan Columbus diduga memang tanamanan asli dari Amerika Selatan.
Dari daerah sini menyebar ke daerah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lainnya. Dugaan sementara, berdasarkan penelusuran sejarah, penduduk
Asli Amerika (Suku Indian) sudah memanfaatkan cabe untuk keperluan
masak-memasak (bumbu), menginjak tahun 5200 – 3400 SM barulah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mereka mulai membudidayakannya, dan hasil
budidaya ini cabe disebarluaskan ke berbagai daerah lain di benua temuan
Columbus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ciri- ciri Umum
Cabe Rawit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batang tanaman tegak lurus tingginya 50 – 90 cm
berbuku-buku dan bersudut, kadang-kadang tidak cukup kuat untuk menyangga buah
cabe yang banyak sehingga perlu diberi air sebagai penahan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Daun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun cabe tidak berbulu dan bentuk daunnya agak bulat
sampai lonong dan bagian ujungnya meruncing, panjangnya 1 – 12 cm. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Bunga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Posisi bunga cabe biasanya menggantung keluar dari ketiak
daun memiliki 5 – 6 kelopak bunga. Tangkai bunga putik berwarna putih
panjangnya sekitar 0,5 cm, warna kelopak putih kuning kehijauan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Buah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk buah cabe umumnya memanjang cabe rawit panjangnya
1 – 5 cm dan ada yang berbentuk bulat telur atau jorong berbentuk telur,
tangkai buah agak besar dan melengkung. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Warna Buah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buah cabe yang berwarna muda, berwarna hijau dan setelah
tua berwarna merah kecoklatan sampai warna merah menyala (jingga) biji buah
berwarna kuning kecoklatan, cabe yang banyak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bijinya akans semakin pedas rasanya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pisang</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batang pisang merupakan batang semu,
permukaan batang terihat bekas pelepah daun. tumbuhan ini tidak bercabang,
batangnya basah dan tidak mengandung lignin. pelepah daun pada tumbuhan ini
menyelubungi batang.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daun
pisang memiliki bentuk daun yang memanjang, yaitu bentuk memanjang namun juga
agak lebar dibanding dengan bentuk lanset yaitu dengan perbandingan panjang dan
lebarnya adalah 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>-3 : 1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Terong</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumbuhan
perdu tegak, tinggi 1-2,5 m, Batang berkayu, berbentuk silindris, percabangan
simpodial, batang muda berambut halus berwarna ungu. Arah tumbuh batang tegak
lurus, arah tumbuh cabang condong ke atas. Daun tunggal, bertangkai silindris
(panjangnya 0,5-2,5 cm), letak tersebar. Helaian daun bentuknya bulat telur,
ujung tumpul, pangkal membulat, tepi rata, pertulangan menyirip, panjang 1,5-12
cm, lebar 1-5 cm, berwarna hijau. daging daun papyraceus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Singkong</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Singkong m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erupakan umbi atau akar
pohon yang panjang dengan fisik rata-rata bergaris tengah 2-3 cm dan panjang
50-80 cm, tergantung dari jenis singkong yang ditanam. Daging umbinya berwarna
putih atau kekuning-kuningan. Umbi singkong tidak tahan simpan meskipun
ditempatkan di lemari pendingin. Gejala kerusakan ditandai dengan keluarnya
warna biru gelap akibat terbentuknya </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_sianida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Asam sianida (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam sianida</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang
bersifat </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racun" title="Racun"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">racun</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> bagi
manusia.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umbi
singkong merupakan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumber_energi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sumber energi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sumber energi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang
kaya karbohidrat namun sangat miskin protein. Sumber </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">protein</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang
bagus justru terdapat pada daun singkong karena mengandung </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam amino</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metionin" title="Metionin"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">metionin</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">) Akar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanaman
singkong mempunyai sistem perakaran serabut yang terspesialisasi, yaitu akar
yang dapat berubah bentuk kaarena berbeda dengan fungsi asal. Akar berwarna
putih kekuningan, panjang akar 30cm, panjang rambut
akar 50cm, termasuk tumbuhan dikotil, akar menggembung berisi
cadangan makanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b) Batang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permukaan
batang berwarna coklat, dalam batang berwarna putih kekuning-kuningan, memiliki
diameter selebar 2-4cm, batangnya beruas-ruas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permukaan
daun rata, tulang daun menjari, jenis daun tunggal, bentuk daun lingkaran,
daun berwarna hijau (berklorofil), tangkai daun berwarna merah, ujung daun
lancip, tangkai daun panjang, berwarna kemerahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">d</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">) Bunga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bunga
berukuran sangat kecil, berwarna putih, kelopak berjumlah 5 buah berwarna hijau
dan berukuran lebih besar dari ukuran bunga, bunga tidak memiliki alat kelamin
jantan maupun betina.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e) Umbi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umbi
memiliki diameter 2-5cm, panjang 20-60cm, daging umbi
berwarna putih/ kekuning-kuningan, kulit umbi berwarna coklat, dagingnya
bergetah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C.Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Alat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kamera</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanaman
Terung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">D.Prosedur Kerja<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa
dibagi menjadi kelompok kecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disiapkan
alat dan bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
kelompok menuju ke tempat yang telah ditentukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diamati
tanaman yang terserang bakteri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Difoto
bagian tanaman yang terserang penyakit </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="Section3">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">E.Hasil Pengamatan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1. Gambar Pepaya</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar Cabe
Rawit</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar Pisang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4. Gambar
Terong</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5. Gambar Singkong</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="Section4">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">F.Pembahasan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pada praktikum kali ini yang berjudul “Penyakit pada
tanaman yang disebabkan oleh bakteri” dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui penyakit
pada ta naman papaya, cabe, pisang, terong dan singkong yang disebabkan oleh
bakteri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pada praktikum ini yang pertama dilakukan adalah para
praktikan menuju lokasi penelitian kemudian para praktikan mulai mengamati
tanaman yang terserang penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri. Setelah mendapati
tanaman yang terserang penyakit, para praktikan mulai memotret tanaman
tersebut. Berikut ini beberapa tanaman yang terserang oleh bakteri :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pepaya</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klasifikasi Pepaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerajaan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Plantae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ordo <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Brassicales</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Famili <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Caricaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Genus <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Carica</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spesies <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">C. Papaya</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gejala</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gejala yang ditimbulkan
adalah pada tanaman muda daun menguning dan membusuk. Umumnya setelah beberapa
lama tanaman akan mati pada tanman atas, lama-kelamaan diikuti matinya seluruh
tanman.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penyebab penyakit </span><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh bakteri <i>Erwinia
papayae</i>. Sebelumnya pernah disebut sebagai <i>Bacillus papayae</i>. Bakteri
ini berbentuk basil, panjang 1,0-1,5m, berantai, tidak berspora, gram negative,
dan aerob. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Daur penyakit </span><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i><span style="color: windowtext;">E. papayae </span></i><span style="color: windowtext;">dapat
ditularkan oleh serangga. Cara pemencaran lainnya belum pasti. Infeksi dapat
terjadi pada sisi atas maupun sisi bawah daun.. Penyakit ini berkembang baik
pada musim penghujan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Klasifikasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Erwinia
papayae</i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Kingdom <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Bacteria</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Phylum <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Proteobacteria</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Class <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Gamma-Proteobacteria</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Ordo <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Enterobacteriales</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Family <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Enterobacteriaceae</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Genus <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Erwinia</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Spesies <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Erwinia papayae</i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Cabe Rawit</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Klasifikasi pada cabe</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Kingdom<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Plantae </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Subkingdom<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Tracheobionta </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Super Divisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Spermatophyta </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Divisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Magnoliophyta </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Magnoliopsida </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Sub Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Asteridae</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Solanales</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Famili<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Solanaceae </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Capsicum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
<i>Capsicum annum</i> L.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ercak bakteri berasal dari patogen <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Xanthomonas campestris p.v vesicatoria (Xcv). </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian
tanaman yang terserang adalah daun dan ranting. Bercak awal pada daun berukuran
kecil dan berbentuk sirkuler spot berair kemudian menjadi nikrotik dengan warna
coklat di bagian tengah dan pucat pada pinggirannya. Pada bagian atas daun,
bercak seperti tenggelam. Sedangkan pada bagian bawah bercak seperti menonjol.
Bercak yan menyatu akan berwarna coklat dengan pinggiran berwarna jerami.
Gejala bercak bakteri pada daun dan ranting tidak berubah pada pertumbuhan
generatif. Serangan yang parah dapat mengakibatkan defoliasi (gugur daun).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di persemaian penyakit bakteri disebut layu bakteri yang
perasal dari patogen Ralstonia Solanacearum. Gejala yang tampak pada saat
terkena layu bakteri adalah tanaman muda layu yang di mulai dari pucuk,
selanjutnya seluruh bagian tanaman akan layu dan mati.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Layu bakteri (Raistonia
Solanacearum) gejalanya tampak pada daun yang terletak di bagian bawah. Setelah
beberapa hari seluruh daun menjadi layu permanen. Sedangkan warna daun tetap
hijau, tapi kadang-kadang sedikit kekuningan. Jaringan vaskuler dari batang
bagian bawah dan akar menjadi kecoklatan. Apabila akar atau batang tersebut
dipotong melintang dan dicelupkan ke dalam air jernih akan keluar cairan keruh
koloni bakteri yang melayang dalam air menyerupai kepulan asap. Pada masa
pertumbuhan generatif gejalanya sama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit bakteri pada buah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in 22.5pt 1.0in 346.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">enyebab </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">busuk buah bakteri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah (Erwinia carotovora pv
carotovora). Gejala busuk basah pada buah dimulai dari tangkai dan kelopak
buah,tetapi infeksi dapat terjadi melaui luka di bagian mana saja dari buah.
Jaringan buah yang terinfeksi menjadi lunak dan luka segera melebar merusak
bagian dalam daging dan menjadi masa yang basah lunak dan berlendir. Lendir
keluar dari kantung buah dan menguap sampai kering. Buah yang masih menempel
pada tanaman kemudian terinfeksi akan tetap terikat menggantung seperti kantung
air. Setelah isinya keluar kantung buah kering dan berwarna transparan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 22.5pt 1.0in 346.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in 22.5pt 1.0in 346.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klasifikasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ilmiah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Erwinia carotovora</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in 22.5pt 1.0in 346.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kingdom<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bacteria </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in 22.5pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Phylum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Proteobacteria </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in 22.5pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Class <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Gammaproteobacteria </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in 22.5pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Order <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Enterobacteriales </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in 22.5pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Family <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Enterobacteriaceae </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in 22.5pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Genus
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Erwinia </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in 22.5pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Species <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Erwinia
carotovora</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klasifikasi Ilmiah <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Xanthomonas campestris</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p.v vesicatoria</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kingdom <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Bacteria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Phylum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:Proteobacteria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelas <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Zymobacteria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ordo <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Xanthomonadales</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Famili </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Xanthomonadaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Genus </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Xanthomonas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spesies<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Xanthomonas campestris</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p.v
vesicatoria</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klasifikasi Ilmiah </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ralstonia
solanacearum</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kingdom <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bakteri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filum<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Proteobacteria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Class <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Beta
Proteobakteria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ordo <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dklasifikasi%2Bralstonia%2Bsolanacearum&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderiales&usg=ALkJrhjkG462M3nWCKVfum2N_mQUePksvw" title="Burkholderiales"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Burkholderiales</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Genus <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dklasifikasi%2Bralstonia%2Bsolanacearum&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralstonia&usg=ALkJrhiS0kTdUcEKWPZmdrOl0KCGZTDMCw" title="Ralstonia"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ralstonia</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spesies <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ralstonia
solanacearum</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pisang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klasifikasi</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kingdom :
Plantae </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Subkingdom :
Tracheobionta </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Super
Divisi : Spermatophyta </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Divisi :
Magnoliophyta </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelas :
Liliopsida </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sub
Kelas : Commelinidae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ordo
: Zingiberales</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Famili
: Musaceae (suku pisang-pisangan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Genus
: Musa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spesies
: <i>Musa paradisiaca</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit layu ini disebabkan oleh bakteri <i>Pseudomonas
Solaracearumn ras 2</i>. Penularan penyakit melalui bibit, tanah, air irigasi,
alat-alat pertanian atau serangga penular (vector). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejalanya yaitu terjadinya penguningan daun yang
dimulai pada bagian tengah daun, dekat pelepah daun. Penguningan daun ini
diikuti dengan layunya daun tersebut. Hal ini terjadi apabila daun tersebut
telah membuka. Gejala spesifik adalah terdapatnya lendir bakteri yang berbau,
berwarna putih abu-abu sampai coklat kemerahan keluar dari potongan buah atau
bonggol, tangkai buah, tangkai tandan dan batang.<b> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hasil inokulasi penyakit pada tanaman dewasa
menunjukkan bahwa munculnya gejala penyakit antara 6 minggu sampai 3 bulan atau
lebih. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Klasifikasi </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pseudomonas solanacearum ras 2</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdon<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bacteria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Phylum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Proteobacteria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Class<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Gama Proteobacteria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Pseudomonadales</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Family<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonadaceae" title="Xanthomonadaceae"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pseudomonadaceae</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonas" title="Xanthomonas"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pseudomonas</span></i></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Species<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonas" title="Xanthomonas"><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pseudomonas</span></i></a><span style="color: windowtext;"> <em>solanacearum ras 2.</em></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Terong</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Klasifikasi</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kingdom :
Plantae </span><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Subkingdom :
Tracheobionta </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Super Divisi :
Spermatophyta </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Divisi
: Magnoliophyta </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelas
: Liliopsida </span><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sub
Kelas : Commelinidae</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ordo
: Zingiberales</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Famili
: Musaceae </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Genus
: Musa</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Spesies
: <i>Musa paradisiaca</i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Penyebab</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebabnya adalah bakteri <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pseudomonas solanacearum</i>. Bisa hidup lama dalam tanah. Serangan
hebat pada temperatur cukup tinggi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala serangan terjadi kelayuan seluruh tanaman
secara mendadak. Sebenarnya serangan Layu bakteri bersifat lokal, seperti
pembuluh Xylem / pembuluh angkut, tetapi karena menyerangya pada akar atau
leher akar sehingga pasokan air dan hara tanaman dari tanah ke daun terhambat
sehingga gejala yang muncul adalah kelayuan yang bersifat sistemik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Klasifikasi </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pseudomonas solanacearum</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdon<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bacteria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Phylum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Proteobacteria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Class<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Gama Proteobacteria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Pseudomonadales</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Family<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonadaceae" title="Xanthomonadaceae"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pseudomonadaceae</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonas" title="Xanthomonas"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pseudomonas</span></i></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Species<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonas" title="Xanthomonas"><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pseudomonas</span></i></a><span style="color: windowtext;"> <em>solanacearum</em></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Singkong</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Klasifikasi</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kingdom</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: Plantae </span><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Subkingdom</span><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: Tracheobionta </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Super Divisi</span><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: Spermatophyta </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Divisi</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: Magnoliophyta </span><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelas</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: Magnoliopsida </span><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sub Kelas</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: Rosidae</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ordo</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: Euphorbiales</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Famili</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: </span><a href="http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plantsearch=Euphorbiaceae"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Euphorbiaceae</span></a><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Genus</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: </span><a href="http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plantsearch=Manihot"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Manihot</span></a><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Spesies </span><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: <i>Manihot
esculenta</i> Crantz</span><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">G</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ejala hawar bakteri</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab
hawar ubi kayu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adalah </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Xantomonas
campestris </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pv. <i>manihotis</i>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala pada
daun terdapat bercak kebasah-basahan, bentuknya tidak teratur , bersudut-sudut
(angular), dikelilingi oleh daerah hijau tua. Gejala meluas dengan cepat dan
warna bercak menjadi coklat muda, mengeriput, dan menyebabkan daun layu.
Seterunya seluruh daun layu dan rontok. Bakteri menyebar dari suatu tempat ke
tempat lain terutama karena terbawa dalam stek yang terinfeksi. Dengan stek ini
bakteri terbawa dari musim ke musim. Bakteri ini dapat terbawa oleh tanah
dengan penggarapan tanah, diperkirakan infeksi lewat tanah kurang memegang
peran. Selain itu alat-alat pertanian yang terkontaminasi dapat menyebarkan
bakteri, misalnya pisau yang digunakan untuk memotong stek. Selain itu bakteri
terpencar oleh percikan air hujan, terutama dari getah yang keluar dari batang
dan daun sakit. Manusia, hewan terbak, dan serangga dapat menularkan bakteri.
Agar bakteri dapat mengadakan infeksi diperlukan udara dengan kelembaban jenuh
selama 12 jam. Pada musim hujan jumlah bercak pada daun sangat meningkat.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis-jenis ubi kayu mempunyai
tingkat ketahan yang berbeda terhadap hawar bakteri. Ketahanan ini disebabkan
oleh karena ada 3 kemungkinan : bakteri terhambat penetrasinya, bakteri tidak dapat
meluas secara sistemik dan tanaman bereaksi terhadap bakteri dengan cara
hipersensitif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit dibantu oleh curah hujan ,
karena curah hujan akan meningkatkan kelembaban dan membantu pemencaran
bakteri. Intensitas penyakit tertinggi pada akhir musim hujan, menjelang musim
kemarau. Suhu optimum untuk perkembangan penyakit adalah sekitar 30<sup>0 </sup>C.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klasifikasi
Ilmiah <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Xanthomonas campestris</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pv. <i>manihotis</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kingdom
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bacteria</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Phylum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:Proteobacteria</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelas
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Zymobacteria</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ordo
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Xanthomonadales</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Famili
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Xanthomonadaceae</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Genus
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Xanthomonas</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spesies<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Xanthomonas campestris</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pv. <i>manihotis</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Batang ubi
kayu (singkong) yang sakit layu dapat diisolasi bakteri </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">P</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">seudomonas solanacearum. </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ubi kayu
(singkong) yang terkena sakit lendir atau sakit layu ini disebabkan oleh
bakteri. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">G</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ejala penyakit layu bakteri pada ubi kayu dapat dibedakan menjadi 3 tipe :
tanaman layu, daun gugur dan mati ujung. Biasanya kedua gejala yangn pertama disertai
dengan perubahan warna pada bagian-bagian di bawah tanah, sedangkan hal ini
tidak terjadi pada tipe ke tiga. Isolasi dari tanaman sakit dengan gajala –
gejala yang berbeda tipenya menghasilkan 2 kuloni yang jelas berbeda putih cair
dan putih berlendir.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seterusnya diketahui bahwa koloni
yang putih cair adalah koloni <i>Pseudomonas solanacearum</i>, diisolasi dari
tanaman dengan gejala layu dan gugur daun. sedangkan koloni yang berwarna putih
berlendir adalah koloni <i>Xantomonas campestris </i>pv. <i>manihotis.</i> Penyebab
hawar ubi kayu, di isolasi dari tanaman yang bergejala mati ujung.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pseudomonas solanacearum merupakan
salah satu patogen terpenting dari golongan bakteri yang dapat menyebabkan
penyakit layu bakteri yang tersebar secara luas pada daerah tropik dan subtropik
serta daerah-daerah bersuhu panas di dunia.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Klasifikasi </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pseudomonas solanacearum</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdon<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bacteria</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Phylum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Proteobacteria</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Class<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Gama Proteobacteria</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Pseudomonadales</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Family<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonadaceae" title="Xanthomonadaceae"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pseudomonadaceae</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonas" title="Xanthomonas"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pseudomonas</span></i></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;">Species<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonas" title="Xanthomonas"><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pseudomonas</span></i></a><span style="color: windowtext;"> <em>solanacearum</em></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="Section5">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">G.Kesimpulan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berdasarkan praktikum yang telah dilakukan dapat
disimpulkan bahwa:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyakit yang
menyerang pada tanaman papaya adalah penyakit bakteri disebabkan oleh bakteri </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Erwinia
papayae</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyakit yang
menyerang pada tanaman cabe rawit adalah penyakit bercak oleh bakteri </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Xanthomonas campestris p.v vesicatoria (Xcv)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Layu bakteri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> oleh bakteri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN">Raistonia
</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">olanacearum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">busuk buah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">oleh </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bakteri <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Erwinia carotovora pv carotovora</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyakit yang
menyerang pada tanaman pisang adalah penyakit </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">layu disebabkan
oleh bakteri <i>Pseudomonas Solaracearumn ras 2</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyakit yang
menyerang pada tanaman terong adalah penyakit layu disebabkan oleh bakteri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN">Pseudomonas solanacearum</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyakit yang
menyerang pada tanaman singkong adalah penyakit </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">hawar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">disebabkan oleh bakteri </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Xantomonas campestris </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pv. <i>Manihotis</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan penyakit layu
disebabkan oleh bakteri </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pseudomonas
solanacearum</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Pustaka</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ana. 2013. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penyakit pada tanaman papaya</i>. </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://pertaniansehat.com/read/2013/04/10/hama-dan-penyakit-penting-pada-tanaman-pepaya-bagian-2.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http:
//pertaniansehat.com/read
/2013/04/10/hama-dan-penyakit-penting-pada-tanaman-pepaya-bagian-2.html</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Diakses pada tanggal 2 Juni 2013</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anneahira. 2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penyakit pada tanaman cabe</i>. </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.anneahira.com/penyakit-pada-tanaman-cabe.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.anneahira.com/penyakit-pada-tanaman-cabe.htm</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Diakses pada tanggal 2 Juni 2013</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gamber. 2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penyakit bakteri pada cabai</i>. </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://ghambertani.wordpress.com/2012/03/12/penyakit-bakteri-pada-cabai/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">//ghambertani.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">wordpress.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">com/2012/03/12/penyakit-bakteri-pada-cabai/</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Diakses pada tanggal 2 Juni 2013</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Huderi. 2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Klasifikasi cabai</i>. </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://huderi.wordpress.com/tag/klasifikasi-cabai/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://huderi.wordpress.com/tag/klasifikasi-cabai/</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Diakses pada tanggal 2 Juni 2013</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10271231242125915327noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6554725584398580449.post-11703992486663223972013-05-31T01:55:00.000-07:002013-05-31T01:55:38.881-07:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Praktikum Bakteriologi....<br />
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10271231242125915327noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6554725584398580449.post-4269127878188421812013-04-10T04:29:00.001-07:002013-04-10T04:29:06.370-07:00tumbuhan paku<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
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<img alt="MAKALAH BOTANI TINGKAT RENDAH" height="93" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="560" /></div>
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<span style="height: 285px; left: 0px; margin-left: 60px; margin-top: 107px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 474px; z-index: 9;"><img height="285" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="474" /></span><img alt=""Tumbuhan Paku (Pteridophyta)"" height="123" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.gif" width="535" /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
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Disusun
Oleh :</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Berlian Nur</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>NIM<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
1005015014</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Reguler Pagi A</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 130.85pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 130.85pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: #0400;">PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS MULAWARWAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2012</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB I</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar Belakang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">Tumbuhan
secara umum dibagi menjadi sua tingkat yaitu tumbuhan tingkat rendah dan
tumbuhantingkat tinggi. Dianggap tumbuhan tingkat rendah karena bagian-bagian
dari tumbuan tersebut tidak sejati contohnya pada alga, stipe dan
bladenya tidak dapat di bedakan dan tidak berpembuluh. Dan dianggap
sebagai tumbuhan tingkat tinggi karena sudah jelas mempunyai kormus dan dapat
di bedakan antara akar dan batangnya. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">Namun ada
tumbuhan yang termasuk tumbuhan tingkat rendah dan masuk pula pada tumbuhan
tingkat tinggi, tumbuhan ini digolongkan tumbuhan tingkat rendah karena
meskipun tubuhnya secara jelas mempunyai kormus serta mempunyai sistem pembuluh
tetapi belum menghasilkan biji, dan alat perkembangbiakan utamanya adalah
spora. Jadi bila di dasarkan pada macam alat perkembangbiakannya maka tumbuhan
berspora tergolong tumbuhan tingkat rendah, namun apabila di dasarkan atas ada
atau tidaknya sistem pembuluh tumbuhan paku tergolong tumbuhan tingkat tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">Tumbuhan
paku-pakuan (Pterodophyta) merupakan tumbuhan tingkat rendah yang memliki
karakteristik dan keunikan tersendiri dibandingkan organisme/tumbuhan lainnya.
Selain itu, terdapat cukup banyak spesies pada divisi Pterodhophyta, yang
kesemuannya turut memiliki peranan tersendiri dalam ekosistem, bahkan dapat
dimanfatkan bagi manusia sebagai bahan baku pembuatan barang kerajinan,
dimanfaatkan sebagai tanaman hias yang memiliki nilai estetika, dan lain
sebagainya. Hal tersebut dapat menjadi mudah, tatkala manusia (masyarakat)
mengenali jenis-jenis tumbuhan paku tersebut. Maka dari itu penting sekali bagi
kita untuk mengetahui lebih dalam lagi tumbuhan paku atau pteridophyta
serta meng identifikasi secara langsung serta mengetahui habitat maupun
deskripsi dari bagian-bagian tumbuhan paku itu sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan Masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana karakteristik tumbuhan paku (Pteridophyta) sebagai
tumbuhan tingkat rendah?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa saja spesies yang termasuk dalam divisi (Pteridophyta) ?</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa saja manfaat tumbuhan paku (Pteridophyta) bagi kehidupan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">Untuk mendeskripsikan karakteristik tumbuhan paku </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(Pteridophyta).</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui spesies
yang termasuk dalam divisi Pteridophyta</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengetahui maanfaat tumbuhan
paku (Pteridophyta) bagi kehidupan</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB II</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PEMBAHASAN</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A.
Pengertian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tumbuhan paku atau Pterydophyta tergolong tumbuhan Kormophyta
karena sudah memiliki akar, batang, dan daun sejati. Tumbuhan paku memiliki
cara hidup yang bemacam-macam, ada yang saprofit, epifit, hidup di tanah, atau
di air. Tumbuhan ini juga mengalami metagenesis seperti lumut tetapi bebeda
pada fase yang dominan. Pada tumbuhan paku fase yang lebih dominan adalah pada
fase sporofit dibandingkan dengan gametofit sehingga tumbuhan paku yang kita
lihat sehari-hari merupakan fase sporofit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada umumnya, tumbuhan paku banyak hidup pada tempat lembap
sehingga disebut sebagai tanaman higrofit. Pada hutan-hutan tropik dan
subtropik, tumbuhan paku merupakan tumbuhan yang hidup di permukaan tanah,
tersebar mulai dari tepi pantai sampai ke lereng-lereng gunung, bahkan ada yang
hidup di sekitar kawah gunung berapi. Tumbuhan paku (atau paku-pakuan, Pteridophyta
atau Filicophyta), adalah satu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisio"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">divisio</span></a>
tumbuhan yang telah memiliki sistem pembuluh sejati (kormus) tetapi tidak menghasilkan
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biji"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biji</span></a> untuk reproduksinya.
Alih-alih biji, kelompok tumbuhan ini masih menggunakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spora"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">spora</span></a> sebagai alat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perbanyakan_generatif&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perbanyakan
generatifnya</span></a>, sama seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_lumut"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lumut</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fungi</span></a>. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tumbuhan paku tersebar di seluruh bagian
dunia, kecuali daerah bersalju abadi dan daerah kering (gurun). Total spesies
yang diketahui hampir 10.000 (diperkirakan 3000 di antaranya tumbuh di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Indonesia</span></a>), sebagian besar
tumbuh di daerah tropika basah yang lembab. Tumbuhan ini cenderung tidak tahan
dengan kondisi air yang terbatas, mungkin mengikuti perilaku moyangnya di zaman
Karbon, yang juga dikenal sebagai masa keemasan tumbuhan paku karena merajai
hutan-hutan di bumi. Serasah hutan tumbuhan pada zaman ini yang memfosil
sekarang ditambang orang sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_bara"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">batu bara</span></a>. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">B. Karakteristik
Tumbuhan Paku (<i>Pteridophyta)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara umum, ciri-ciri tumbuhan paku mempunyai:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lapisan pelindung sel yang terdapat di sekeliling organ
reproduksi,</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Embrio multiseluler yang terdapat di dalam arkegonium,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lapisan kutikula pada bagian luar tubuh,</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sistem transportasi internal yang berfungsi sebagai
pengangkut air dan zat-zat mineral dari dalam tanah,</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Struktur tubuh terdiri atas bagian-bagian akar, batang dan
daun,</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Akarnya berupa rizoid yang bersifat seperti akar serabut
dengan ujung dilindungi kaliptra,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Batangnya pada umumnya tidak tampak (kecuali tumbuhan paku
tiang) karena terdapat di dalam tanah berupa rimpang, menjalar, atau sedikit
tegak,</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Daunnya yang muda umumnya melingkar atau menggulung,</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan bentuk, ukuran dan
susunan daunnya, tumbuhan paku dapat dibedakan menjadi:</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
Daun mikrofil (daun kecil), berbentuk seperti rambut atau sisik, tidak
bertangkai dan bertulang daun serta belum memperlihatkan diferensiasi sel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
Daun makrofil (daun besar), ukurannya besar, bertangkai, bertulang daun, dan
bercabang-cabang serta sel-selnya sudah terdiferensiasi dengan baik.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan fungsinya, daun tumbuhan paku dapat dibedakan
menjadi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
Daun tropofil, daun yang khusus sebagai tempat berlangsungnya fotosintesis,<br />
2. Daun sporofil, daun yang berfungsi sebagai penghasil spora.</span></div>
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<img align="left" height="273" hspace="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image007.gif" width="303" /><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Spora dibentuk di dalam sporangium (kotak spora) yang
terkumpul di dalam suatu badan yang disebut sorus yang terletak di bawah
permukaan daun sporofil, berupa bintik-bintik kuning, cokelat, atau cokelat
kehitaman. Swaktu masih muda, sorus dilindungi oleh selaput tipis yang disebut
indisium.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<br />
C. Reproduksi Tumbuhan Paku (<i>Pteridophyta</i>)</span></div>
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<img align="left" height="216" hspace="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="351" /><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Reproduksi tumbuhan paku berlangsung secara metagenesis.
Reproduksi vegetatif dengan spora haploid (n) yang dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan
paku. Jadi, tumbuhan paku merupakan tumbuhan dalam fase sporofit (penghasil
spora). Reproduksi generatif terjadi melalui peleburan antara spermatozoid dan
ovum yang dihasilkan oleh protalium. Jadi, protalium yang berbentuk talus
merupakan fase gametofit (penghasil gamet).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan jenis spora yang dihasilkan, tumbuhan paku
dibedakn atas 3 golongan, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Paku homospora (isospora), yaitu tumbuhan paku yang hanya
menghasilkan satu macam ukuran spora. Contoh: Lycopodium sternum (paku kawat).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Paku heterospora (anisospora), yaitu tumbuhan paku yang
menghasilkan dua jenis spora yang berlainan yaitu mikrospora (berkelamin jantan
yang berukuran kecil) dan makrospora (spora berkelamin betina yang berukuran
besar). Contohnya adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marsilea crenata</i>
(semanggi) dan Selaginella (paku rane)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Paku peralihan, yaitu jenis tumbuhan paku yang menghasilkan
spora dengan bentuk dan ukuran sama, tetapi berbeda jenis kelaminnya. Satu
berjenis kelamin jantan dan yang lain berjenis kelamin betina. Contohnya adalah
Equisetum debile (paku ekor kuda).</span></div>
<div class="NormalWebCharChar" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">D. Metagenesis Tumbuhan Paku (<i>Pteridophyta)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Beberapa jenis hewan dan
tumbuhan ada yang mengalami proses metagenesis. Metagenesis adalah proses
pergiliran hidup yaitu antara fase seksual dan aseksual. Hewan dan tumbuhan
yang mengalami metagenesis akan mengalami dua fase kehidupan, yaitu fase
kehidupan yang bereproduksi secara seksual dan fase kehidupan yang bereproduksi
secara aseksual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Metagenesis pada tumbuhan
dapat diamati dengan jelas pada tumbuhan tak berbiji (paku dan lumut). Pada
tumbuhan tersebut, pembentukan gamet jantan berlangsung di dalam antheridium
dan gamet betina di dalam arkegonium. Jika gamet jantan membuahi gamet betina,
maka akan terbentuk zigot. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Zigot tumbuh menjadi
individu yang menghasilkan spora. Generasi ini disebut fase vegetatif
(aseksual) atau sporofit. Spora yang jatuh di tempat yang sesuai akan tumbuh
menjadi individu baru yang menghasilkan gamet. Karena menghasilkan gamet, maka
generasi ini disebut fase generatif (seksual) atau gametofit. Demikian
seterusnya terjadi pergiliran keturunan antara fase gametofit dan sporofit.
Tumbuhan lumut yang sering kamu jumpai <a href="http://info.g-excess.com/id/info.info"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">merupakan</span></a> fase gametofit.
Sedangkan tumbuhan paku yang kamu lihat sehari-hari merupakan fase sporofit.
Pergiliran keturunan antara fase sporofit dan gametofit itulah yang disebut
metagenesis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Reproduksi generatif
tumbuhan paku dilakukan melalui peleburan spermatozoid dan ovum. Reproduksi
vegetatifnya dengan membentuk spora. Reproduksi generatif dan reproduksi
vegetatif berlangsung secara bergantian melalui suatu pergiliran keturunan yang
disebut metagenesis. Berikut skema metagenesis pada tumbuhan paku homospora,
heterospora, dan peralihan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><img border="0" height="301" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image011.gif" width="577" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><img border="0" height="302" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image013.gif" width="556" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><img border="0" height="369" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image015.gif" width="557" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">E. Klasifikasi
Tumbuhan Paku (</span><i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pteridophyta</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Berdasarkan
tingkat perkembangannya, tumbuhan paku dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4
subdivisi, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><br />
1. Paku Purba (<i>Psilopsida</i>)<br />
<img border="0" height="235" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.jpg" width="268" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tumbuhan paku purba yang
masih hidup saat ini diperkirakan hanya tinggal 10 spesies sampai 13 spesies
dari dua genus. Paku purba hidup di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Sporofit paku
purba ada yang tidak memiliki akar sejati dan tidak memiliki daun sejati. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Paku purba yang memilki daun pada umumnya berukuran
kecil (mikrofil) dan berbentuk sisik. Batang paku purba bercabang dikotomi
dengan tinggi mencapai 30 cm hingga 1 m. Paku purba juga tidak memiliki
pembuluh pengangkut. Batang paku purba mengandung klorofil sehingga dapat
melakukan fotosintesis. Cabang batang mengandung mikrofil dan sekumpulan
sporangium yang terdapat di sepanjang cabang batang. Sporofil paku purba
menghasilkan satu jenis spora (homospora). Gametofitnya tidak memiliki klorofil
dan mengandung anteridium dan arkegonium. Gametofit paku purba bersimbiosis
dengan jamur untuk memperoleh nutrisi. Contoh tumbuhan paku purba yaitu paku
purba tidak berdaun (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rhynia</i>) dan paku
purba berdaun kecil (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psilotum</i>). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><br />
2. Paku Kawat (<i>Lycopsida)</i><br />
<img border="0" height="183" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image019.jpg" width="248" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Klasifikasi<br />
Kingdom: Plantae (Tumbuhan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (Tumbuhan berpembuluh)<br />
Divisi: Pteridophyta (paku-pakuan)<br />
Kelas: Pteridopsida<br />
Sub Kelas: Schizaeatae<br />
Ordo: Schizaeales<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Famili: <a href="http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plantsearch=Lygodiaceae"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lygodiaceae</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Genus: <a href="http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plantsearch=Lygodium"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lygodium</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Spesies: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lygodium
scandens</i> (L.) Sw</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Paku kawat mencakup 1.000
spesies tumbuhan paku, terutama dari genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lycopodium</i>
dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Selaginella</i>. Paku kawat banyak
tumbuh di hutan-hutan daerah tropis dan subtropis. Paku kawat menempel di pohon
atau hidup bebas di tanah. Anggota paku kawat memiliki akar, batang, dan daun
sejati. Daun tumbuhan paku kawat berukuran kecil dan tersusun rapat. Sporangium
terdapat pada sporofil yang tersusun membentuk strobilus pada ujung batang.
Strobilus berbentuk kerucut seperti konus pada pinus. Oleh karena itu paku
kawat disebut juga pinus tanah. Pada paku rane (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Selaginella</i>) sporangium terdiri dari dua jenis, yaitu
mikrosporangium dan megasporangium. Mikrosporangium terdapat pada mikrosporofil
(daun yang mengandung mikrosporangium). Mikrosporangium menghasilkan mikrospora
yang akan tumbuh menjadi gametofit jantan. Megasporangium terdapat pada megasporofil
(daun yang mengandung megasporangium). Megasporangium menghasilkan megaspora
yang akan tumbuh menjadi gametofit betina. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gametofit paku kawat berukuran kecil dan tidak
berklorofil. Gametofit memperoleh makanan dari jamur yang bersimbiosis dengannnya.
Gemetofit paku kawat ada yang uniseksual, yaitu mengandung anteridium saja atau
arkegonium saja. Gametofit paku kawat juga ada yang biseksual, yaitu mengandung
anteridium dan arkegonium. Gametofit uniseksual terdapat pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Selaginella</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Selaginella</i> merupakan tumbuhan paku heterospora sedangkan gametofit
biseksual terdapat pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lycopodium</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<em><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lycopodium</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">nummularifolium</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Merupakan jenis tumbuhan paku perrenial dan hidup sebagai epifit di bawah
dan melekat pada batang pohon-pohon pada habitat aslinya, yaitu hutan tropis.
Dibandingkan dengan kerabat Lycopodium lain yang tumbuh merumpun
(menggerombol), spesies ini cenderung bertipikal tumbuh menjalar, memanjang
atau menggantung. Batang berbentuk bulat, kecil, keras dan memanjang seperti
kawat (wiry stem). Dua cabang dikotomi (dichotomous branches) terbentuk pada
ujung batang/cabang sebelumnya yang selanjutnya tumbuh menjadi cabang-cabang
baru. Cabang-cabang kemudian dapat tumbuh hingga mencapai </span><img align="left" height="199" hspace="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image021.jpg" width="295" /><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">tanah
dan menjalar membentuk sistem perakaran baru (rhizoma). Rhizoma berakar
adventif merupakan bentuk modifikasi batang yang berfungsi selain sebagai alat
trasport air dan nutrient untuk proses photosintesis, juga sebagai alat perekat
tanaman pada tempat tumbuhnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3. </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">Paku Ekor Kuda (<i>Sphenopsida</i>)<br />
<img border="0" height="207" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image023.jpg" width="305" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Paku ekor kuda saat ini hanya tinggal sekitar 25 spesies dari
satu genus, yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equisetum</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equisetum</i> terutama hidup pada habitat
lembab di daerah subtropis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equisetum</i>
yang tertinggi hanya mencapai 4,5 m sedangkan rata-rata tinggi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equisetum</i>kurang dari 1 m. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equisetum</i>memiliki akar, batang, dan daun
sejati. Batangnya beruas dan pada setiap ruasnya dikelilingi daun kecil seperti
sisik. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equisetum </i>disebut paku ekor
kuda karena bentuk batangnya seperti ekor kuda. Batangnya yang keras disebabkan
dinding selnya mengandung silika. Sporangium terdapat pada strobilus.
Sporangium menghasilkan satu jenis spora, sehingga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equisetum </i>digolongkan pada tumbuhan paku peralihan. Gametofit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equisetum </i>hanya berukuran beberapa
milimeter tetapi dapat melakukan fotosintesis. Gametofitnya mengandung
anteridium dan arkegonium sehingga merupakan gametofit biseksual. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><img border="0" height="313" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image025.jpg" width="240" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kerajaan : Plantae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Divisi : Pteridophyta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelas : Equisetopsida</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Famili : <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Equisetaceae</span></i></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Equisetum
debile</span></i></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nama paku ekor kuda merujuk pada segolongan
kecil <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tumbuhan</span></a> (sekitar
20 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">spesies</span></a>)
yang umumnya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terna" title="Terna"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">terna</span></a> kecil
dan semua masuk dalam genus Equisetum (dari equus yang berarti
"kuda" dan setum yang berarti "rambut tebal"
dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Latin</span></a>). Anggota-anggotanya dapat
dijumpai di seluruh dunia kecuali <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Antartika</span></a>.
Di kawasan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Asia Tenggara</span></a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Indonesia</span></a> termasuk
di dalamnya) hanya dijumpai satu spesies alami saja, E.
ramosissimum subsp. debile, yang dikenal sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumput_betung&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rumput betung (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">rumput betung</span></a> dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Melayu</span></a>,
tataropongan dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sunda" title="Bahasa Sunda"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Sunda</span></a>, dan petongan dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Jawa</span></a>.
Kalangan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_tumbuhan" title="Taksonomi tumbuhan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">taksonomi</span></a> masih memperdebatkan apakah kelompok
ekor kuda merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisio" title="Divisio"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">divisio</span></a> tersendiri, sebagai Equisetophyta (atauSphenophyta),
atau suatu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelas" title="Kelas"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kelas</span></a> dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_paku" title="Tumbuhan paku"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pteridophyta</span></a>,
sebagai Equisetopsida (atau Sphenopsida). Hasil analisis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi_molekular" title="Biologi molekular"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">molekular</span></a> menunjukkan
kedekatan hubungan dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marattiopsida" title="Marattiopsida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Marattiopsida</span></a>.
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Semua anggota paku ekor kuda bersifat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_tahunan" title="Tumbuhan tahunan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tahunan</span></a>,
terna berukuran kecil (tinggi 0.2-1.5 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">m</span></a>), meskipun beberapa anggotanya
(hidup di Amerika Tropik) ada yang bisa tumbuh mencapai 6-8 m (E.
giganteum dan E. myriochaetum).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang" title="Batang"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Batang</span></a> tumbuhan
ini berwarna hijau, beruas-ruas, berlubang di tengahnya, berperan sebagai
organ <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fotosintetik</span></a> menggantikan daun. Batangnya
dapat bercabang. Cabang duduk mengitari batang utama. Batang ini banyak
mengandung <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silika&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Silika (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">silika</span></a>. Ada kelompok yang
batangnya bercabang-cabang dalam posisi berkarang dan ada yang bercabang
tunggal. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" title="Daun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Daun</span></a> pada
semua anggota tumbuhan ini tidak berkembang baik, hanya menyerupai sisik yang
duduk berkarang menutupi ruas. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spora" title="Spora"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Spora</span></a> tersimpan pada struktur berbentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gada" title="Gada"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gada</span></a> yang
disebut strobilus (jamak strobili) yang terletak pada ujung
batang (apical). Pada banyak <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">spesies</span></a> (misalnya E. arvense), batang penyangga
strobilus tidak bercabang dan tidak berfotosintesis (tidak berwarna hijau)
serta hanya muncul segera setelah musim salju berakhir. Jenis-jenis lain tidak
memiliki perbedaan ini (batang steril mirip dengan batang pendukung strobilus),
misalnya E. palustre dan E. Debile.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Batang fertil E. arvense dengan strobilus di
ujungnya. Batang ini muncul pada akhir musim salju, sebelum munculnya batang
steril yang fotosintetik (lihat gambar di taxobox).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Spora yang dihasilkan paku ekor kuda umumnya hanya satu macam
(homospor) meskipun spora yang lebih kecil pada E. arvense tumbuh
menjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pergiliran_keturunan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pergiliran keturunan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">protalium</span></a> jantan.
Spora keluar dari sporangiumyang tersusun pada strobilus. Sporanya berbeda
dengan spora paku-pakuan karena memiliki empat "rambut" yang
disebut elater. Elater berfungsi sebagai pegas untuk membantu pemencaran
spora.</span></div>
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<img align="left" height="227" hspace="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image031.gif" width="256" /><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Paku ekor kuda menyukai
tanah yang basah, baik berpasir maupun berlempung, beberapa bahkan tumbuh di
air (batang yang berongga membantu adaptasi pada lingkungan
ini). E.arvense dapat tumbuh menjadi gulma di ladang karena <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizoma" title="Rizoma"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">rimpangnya</span></a> yang
sangat dalam dan menyebar luas di tanah.<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbisida" title="Herbisida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Herbisida</span></a> pun
sering tidak berhasil mematikannya. Di Indonesia, rumput betung (E. debile)
digunakan sebagai sikat untuk mencuci dan campuran obat.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada masa lalu, kira-kira pada zaman <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karbonifer&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Karbonifer (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Karbonifer</span></a>, paku ekor kuda
purba dan kerabatnya (Calamites, dari divisio yang sama, sekarang sudah punah)
mendominasi hutan-hutan di bumi. Beberapa spesies dapat tumbuh sangat besar,
mencapai 30 m, seperti ditunjukkan pada fosil-fosil yang ditemukan pada
deposit <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_bara" title="Batu bara"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">batu bara</span></a>.
Batu bara dianggap sebagai pengerasan sisa-sisa serasah dari hutan purba ini.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">4. Paku
Sejati (<i>Pteropsida</i>)<br />
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">Dikenal sebagai pakis menurut pengertian kita sehari-hari. Banyak
ditemukan di daerah hutan tropis dan subtropis. Memiliki daun yang lebih besar
dibandingkan dengan subdivisi lainnya dan dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu
megafil dengan sistem percabangan pembuluh dan mikrofil yaitu daun yang tumbuh
dari batang yang mengandung untaian tunggal jaringan pengangkut. Daunnya yang
masih muda menggulung pada ujungnya dan sporangium terdapat pada sporofil.
Contohnya adalah Adiantum cuneatum (suplir), Marsilea crenata (semanggi), dan
Asplenium nidus (paku sarang kuda). </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Paku sejati mencakup jenis tumbuhan paku yang paling
sering kita lihat. Tempat tumbuh paku sejati sebagian besar di darat pada
daerah tropis dan subtropis. Paku sejati diperkirakan berjumlah 12.000 jenis
dari kelas Filicinae. Filicinae memiliki akar, batang, dan daun sejati. Batang
dapat berupa batang dalam (rizom) atau batang di atas permukaan tanah. Daun
Filicinae umumnya berukuran besar dan memiliki tulang daun bercabang. Daun
mudanya memiliki ciri khas yaitu tumbuh menggulung (circinnatus). Jenis paku
yang termasuk paku sejati yaitu Semanggi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marsilea
crenata</i>), Paku tanduk rusa (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Platycerium
bifurcatum</i>), paku sarang burung (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asplenium
nidus</i>), suplir (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Adiantum cuneatum</i>),
Paku sawah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Azolla pinnata</i>), dan
Dicksonia antarctica. </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><br />
<br />
F. Manfaat Tumbuhan Paku (</span><i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pteridophyta</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Banyak orang yang mengangap <a href="http://seduhanalam.blogspot.com/2011/08/manfaat-dan-khasiat-tumbuhan-paku.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tumbuhan paku</span></a>
adalah sebuah tumbuhan atau tanaman pengganggu. Tapi disisi lain tumbuhan paku
juga sangat bermanfaat atau berkhasiat. Apalagi Tumbuhan paku sangat mudah
dicari di <a href="http://seduhanalam.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alam sekitar kita</span></a>. Mungkin
manfaat tumbuhan paku masih banyak yang belum tahu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diantaranya sebagai berikut : </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a. </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Manfaat Tumbuhan Paku Sebagai tanaman hiasan :</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Platycerium nidus (paku tanduk rusa)</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Asplenium nidus (paku sarang burung)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Adiantum cuneatum (suplir)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Selaginella wildenowii (paku rane) b. Sebagai bahan penghasil
obat-obatan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Asipidium filix-mas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dryopteris filix-mas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lycopodium clavatum c. Sebagai tanaman sayuran :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Marsilea crenata (semanggi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Salvinia natans (paku sampan = kiambang) d. Sebagai pupuk
hijau dalam <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pertanian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Azolla pinnata >> bersimbiosis dengan anabaena azollae
(gangang biru) e. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sebagai pelindung
tanaman di persemaian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gleichenia linearis f. Sebagai sumber bahan baku pembentukan
batu bara :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tumbuhan paku yang sudah mati pada zaman purba.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Tumbuhan
paku yang hidup pada zaman karbon telah memfosil, fosil tersebut berupa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>batu bara yang dapat dijadikan bahan
bakar<br />
c. berguna untuk obat-obatan, misalnya dyoptoris filix-mas, lycopodium
clavatum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">d. Sebagai tanaman sayuran :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Marsilea crenata (semanggi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Salvinia natans (paku sampan
= kiambang)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><img border="0" height="304" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image037.jpg" width="284" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 235px; left: 0px; margin-left: 102px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 348px; z-index: -8;"><img height="235" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image039.jpg" width="348" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">e. Sebagai
pelindugn tanaman di persemaian :<br />
- Gleichenia linearis</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><img border="0" height="446" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image040.jpg" width="333" /><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
BAB III</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PENUTUP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">Kesimpulan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Secara
umum, karakteristik tumbuhan paku mempunyai:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lapisan pelindung sel yang
terdapat di sekeliling organ reproduksi,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Embrio multiseluler yang
terdapat di dalam arkegonium,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lapisan kutikula pada bagian
luar tubuh,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sistem transportasi internal
yang berfungsi sebagai pengangkut air dan zat-zat mineral dari dalam tanah,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Struktur tubuh terdiri atas
bagian-bagian akar, batang dan daun,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Akarnya berupa rizoid yang
bersifat seperti akar serabut dengan ujung dilindungi kaliptra,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Batangnya pada umumnya tidak
tampak (kecuali tumbuhan paku tiang) karena terdapat di dalam tanah berupa rimpang,
menjalar, atau sedikit tegak,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Daunnya yang muda umumnya
melingkar atau menggulung,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2. </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">Berdasarkan tingkat perkembangannya, tumbuhan paku
dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4 subdivisi, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">Paku Purba (Psilopsida)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">Paku Kawat (Lycopsida)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">Paku Ekor Kuda (Sphenopsida)<br />
Paku Sejati (Pteropsida)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3. </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: #0400;">Manfaat
dari tumbuhan paku adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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tanaman hias</span></div>
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bahan bakar</span></div>
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obat-obatan</span></div>
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tanaman sayuran</span></div>
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</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">pelindugn
tanaman di persemaian</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10271231242125915327noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6554725584398580449.post-34084402137742255002013-04-10T04:24:00.001-07:002013-04-10T04:24:20.090-07:00Biokimia (Protein)<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kebangkitan biokimia diawali dengan penemuan
pertama molekul </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">enzim</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diastase&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Diastase (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">diastase</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, pada tahun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1833"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1833</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anselme_Payen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Anselme Payen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anselme Payen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.Tahun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1828</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Woehler&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Friedrich Woehler (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Friedrich Wöhler</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> menerbitkan sebuah buku tentang sintesis</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">urea</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, yang membuktikan bahwa senyawa </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dapat dibuat
secara mandiri.Penemuan ini bertolak belakang dengan pemahaman umum pada waktu
itu yang meyakini bahwa senyawa organik hanya bisa dibuat oleh
organisme.Istilah <i>biokimia</i> pertama kali dikemukakan pada
tahun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1903</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Neuber&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Karl Neuber (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Karl Neuber</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, seorang </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiawan" title="Kimiawan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kimiawan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Jerman. Sejak
saat itu, biokimia semakin berkembang, terutama sejak pertengahan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-20"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">abad ke-20</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, dengan ditemukannya teknik-teknik baru
seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromatografi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kromatografi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Difraksi_sinar_X&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Difraksi sinar X (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">difraksi sinar X</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, elektroforesis, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resonansi_magnetik_inti&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Resonansi magnetik inti (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">RMI</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (<i>nuclear magnetic resonance</i>,
NMR), </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelabelan_radioisotop&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pelabelan radioisotop (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pelabelan radioisotop</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroskop_elektron"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mikroskop elektron</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, dan simulasi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinamika_molekular&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dinamika molekular (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dinamika molekular</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Teknik-teknik ini memungkinkan penemuan dan
analisis yang lebih mendalam berbagai molekul dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalur_metabolik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jalur metabolik (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jalur metabolik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> sel, seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glikolisis"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">glikolisis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siklus_asam_sitrat" title="Siklus asam sitrat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">siklus Krebs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.Perkembangan ilmu baru seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatika"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bioinformatika</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> juga banyak membantu dalam peramalan dan
pemodelan struktur </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molekul_raksasa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Molekul raksasa (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">molekul raksasa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saat ini, penemuan-penemuan biokimia digunakan
di berbagai bidang, mulai dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">genetika</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> hingga </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi_molekular"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biologi molekular</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dan dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertanian"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pertanian</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> hingga </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedokteran"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kedokteran</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.Penerapan biokimia yang pertama kali barangkali
adalah dalam pembuatan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">roti</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
menggunakan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamir"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">khamir</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, sekitar 5000
tahun yang lalu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Organisme atau
benda hidup, baik yang uniseluler maupun multiseluler dibangun oleh biomolekul
yaitu protein, asam nukleat, karbohidrat, dan lipid. Khusus biomolekul protein,
pada organisme mana pun, ditemukan identic satu sama lain, tetapi tidak sama.
Protein berperan biologis, terutama dalam membangun unit terkecil kehidupan, yaitu
sel. Peran biologis itu misalnya pada transformasi energy, bioenergy, dan pada
proses dinamisasi yang berkesinambungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata protein
berasal dari protos atau proteos yang berarti pertama atau utama.Protein
merupakan komponen penting atau komponen utama sel hewan atau manusia.Oleh
karena sel itu merupakan pembentuk tubuh kita, maka protein yang terdapat dalam
makanan berfungsi sebagai zat utama dalam pembentukan dan pertumbuhan tubuh.
Proses kimia dalam tubuh dapat berlangsung dengan baik, karena adanya enzim,
suatu protein yang berfungsi sebagai biokatalis. Kita memperoleh protein dari
makanan yang berasal dari hewan atau tumbuhan.Protein yang berasal dari hewan
disebut protein hewani, sedangkan yang berasal dari tumbuhan disebut protein
nabati.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6554725584398580449" name="more"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beberapa
makanan sumber protein ialah daging, telur, susu, ikan, beras, kacang, kedelai,
gandum, jagung, dan buah-buahan. Klasifikasi protein berdasarkan daya
kelarutannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1). Albumin :
protein yang dapat melarut dalam air, dan dapat dipresipitatkan dari larutan pada
konsentrasi garam yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2). Globulin :
protein ini umumnya tidak melarut dalam air yang basa, garam, dan dapat melarut
dalam larutan garam encer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3). Glutelin :
protein yang tidak melarut dalam larutan netral, retapi melarut dalam asam atau
alkali encer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4). Prolamine :
protein yang melarut dalam 70-80% etanol dan tidak melarut dalam air atau
etanol absolute.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.2 Rumusan
Masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui pengertian biokimia dan protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui karakteristik protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui klasifikasi protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui penggolongan protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui sifat-sifat protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui fungsi protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui macam protein majemuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui struktur protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.3 Tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui pengertian biokimia dan
protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui karakteristik protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui klasifikasi protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui penggolongan protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui sifat-sifat protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui fungsi protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui macam protein majemuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui struktur protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB II</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PEMBAHASAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.1 Biokimia dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Biokimia adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kimia</span></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">makhluk hidup</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Biokimiawan mempelajari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">molekul</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dan</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">reaksi kimia</span></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalisis" title="Katalisis"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">terkatalisis</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">enzim</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> yang berlangsung dalam semua </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organisme</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.Biokimia merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari struktur dan fungsi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_%28biologi%29" title="Sel (biologi)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komponen selular</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">protein</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbohidrat</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lipid</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_nukleat" title="Asam nukleat"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam nukleat</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biomolekul</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> lainnya. Saat ini biokimia lebih terfokus secara khusus pada kimia reaksi
termediasi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">enzim</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dan sifat-sifat protein.Saat ini,biokimia </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metabolisme_sel&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Metabolisme sel (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">metabolisme sel</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> telah banyak dipelajari. Bidang lain dalam biokimia di antaranya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandi_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sandi genetik (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sandi genetik</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">DNA</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_ribonukleat" title="Asam ribonukleat"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">RNA</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">), </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintesis_protein" title="Sintesis protein"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sintesis protein</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, angkutan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membran_sel" title="Membran sel"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">membran sel</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transduksi_sinyal&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Transduksi sinyal (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">transduksi
sinyal</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="http://files.devoav1997.webnode.com/200047760-eecd8efc83/Biokimia%20Dna.jpg" border="0" height="237" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.jpg" width="318" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata
protein berasal dari protos atau proteos yang berarti pertama atau
utama.Protein merupakan komponen penting atau komponen utama sel hewan atau
manusia.Oleh karena sel itu merupakan pembentuk tubuh kita, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">aka protein
yang terdapat dalam makanan berfungsi sebagai zat utama dalam pembentukan dan
pertumbuhan tubuh. Proses kimia dalam tubuh dapat berlangsung dengan baik,
karena adanya enzim, suatu protein yang berfungasi sebagai biokatalis. Kita
memperoleh protein dari makanan yang berasal dari hewan atau tumbuhan.Protein
yang berasal dari hewan disebut protein hewani, sedangkan yang berasal dari tumbuhan
disebut protein nabati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beberapa
makanan sumber protein ialah daging, telur, susu, ikan, beras, kacang, kedelai,
gandum, jagung, dan buah-buahan. Tumbuhan membentuk proten dari C</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">O<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, H<sub>2</sub>O, dan senyawa Nitrogen.Hewan
yang memakan tumbuhan mengubah protein nabati menjadi protein hewani.Disamping
digunakan untuk pembentukan sel-sel tubuh, protein juga dapat digunakan sebagai
sumber energy apabila tubuh kita kekurangan karbohidrat dan lemak. Komposisi
rata-rata unsure kimia yang terdapat pada protein ialah sebagai berikut: karbon
50%, Hidrogen 7%, Oksigen 23%, Nitrogen 16%, Belerang 0-3%, dan Fosfor 0-3%.
Dengan pedoman pada kadar nitrogen sebesar 16%, dapat dilakukan penentuan
kandungan protein dalam suatu bahan makanan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nama Bahan
Makanan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kadar Protein
(%)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Daging Ayam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">18,2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Daging Sapi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">18,8</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Telur Ayam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">12,8</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Susu Sapi
Segar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3,2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keju</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">22,8</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bandeng</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">20,0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Udang Segar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">21,0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kerang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8,0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beras Tumbuk
Merah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7,9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beras Giling</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6,8</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kacang Ijo</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">22,2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kedelai Basah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">30,2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tepung Terigu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8,9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jagung Kuning
(Butir)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7,9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pisang Ambon</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1,2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.9pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Durian</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 226.7pt;" valign="top" width="302">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein
mempunyai molekul besar dengan bobot molekul bervariasi antara 5.000 sampai
jutaan. Dengan cara hidrolisis oleh asam atau oleh enzim, protein akan
menghasilkan asam-asam amino. Ada protein yang mudah larut dalam air tetapi
juga ada yang sukar larut dalam air.Rambut dan kuku adalah suatu protein yang
tidak larut dalam air dan tidak mudah bereaksi, sedangkan protein yang terdapat
dalam air dan mudah bereaksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.2 Karakteristik Protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein ikan
bersifat tidak stabil dan mempunyai sifat dapat berubah (denaturasi) dengan
berubahnya kondisi lingkungan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apabila larutan
protein tersebut diasamkan hingga mencapai pH 4,5 – 5 maka akan terjadi
pengendapan atau salting out. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebaliknya
apabila dipanaskan seperti dalam pemasakan atau penggorengan , protein ikan
menggumpal atau terkoagulasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein juga
dapat mengalami denaturasi apabila dilakukan pengurangan kandungan air, baik
selama pengeringan maupun pembekuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein otot
sebagaian besar dalam bentuk koloid, baik berupa sol maupun gel. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kemampuan untuk
mengektraksi protein miosoin lewbih besar pda pH yang aghak tinggi, tetapi
kekutan gel daging ikan pada produk akhir lebih redah meskipun jumlah myosin
yang diekstrak lebih banyak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.3 Klasifikasi Protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hingga saat ini
belum ada klasifikasi protein yang secara umum memuaskan. Klasifikasi protein
yang menonjol didasarkan pada antara lain: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelarutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bentuk
keseluruhan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peranan
biologis </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembagian
protein juga dapat dilakukan berdasarkan fungsi dan strukturnya. Berdasarkan
fungsinya, protein diklasifikasikan menjadi (i) protein enzim, berperan dalam
mempercepat reaksi-reaksi biokimia, (ii) protein sruktural, membentuk
struktur-struktur biologis, (iii) protein transpor, berperan sebagai pengangkut
subtansi-subtansi penting, dan (iv) protein pertahanan, melindungi tubuh dari
invasi benda-benda asing. Berdasarkan strukturnya, protein diklasifikasikan
menjadi: (i) protein globular, memi-liki pelipatan-pelipatan<br />
yang kompleks, struktur tertier dengan bentuk yang tidak teratur. Protein
serabut, memanjang, lipatan sederhana,umum dijumpai pada protein struktural.
Dalam uraian berikut ini hanya dibahas klasifikasi berdasarkan bentuk dan
peranan biologisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Berdasarkan bentuknya, protein dibagi menjadi
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1) Protein globular </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rantai polipeptida mengandung banyak lipatan
dan berbelit.Rasio aksial kurang dari 10, misalnya insulin, albumin, globulin
plasma, dan kebanyakan enzim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2) Protein fibrosa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rantai polipeptida atau kelompok rantai yang
membelit dalam bentuk spiral atau heliks, dan dihubungkan oleh ikatan disulfida
dan hidrogen.Rasioaksial lebih besar dari 10, misalnya keratin dan miosin.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="224" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.png" width="344" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Ikatan-ikatan pada Struktur Protein </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Struktur protein umumnya dipertahankan oleh dua
ikatan sangat kuat yaitu ikatan peptida dan ikatan disulfida; dan tiga ikatan
yang lemah, yaitu ikatan hidrogen, interaksi hidrofobik dan interaksi
elektrostatif.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="205" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image007.gif" width="268" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1) Ikatan peptide<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ikatan peptida adalah ikatan yang menghubungkan
atom a-karboksil dari suatu asam amino dan atom a nitrogen dari asam amino yang
lain. Peptida yang dibentuk oleh dua molekul asam<br />
amino disebut dipeptida; bila dibentuk oleh 3 molekul asam amino disebut
tripeptida; dan bila dibentuk oleh banyak molekul asam amino disebut
polipeptida.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2) Ikatan disulfide </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terbentuk antara 2 residu sistein yang saling
berhubungan 2 bagian rantai polipetida melalui residu sistein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3) Ikatan hydrogen </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terbentuk antara gugus NH- atau -OH dan gugus
C=O dalam ikatan peptida atau -COO- dalam gugus R, misalnya dua peptida mungkin
membentuk ikatan hidrogen. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4) Interaksi hidrofobik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rantai samping non polar asam amino netral pada
protein cenderung bersekutu.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5) Interaksi elektrostatik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Merupakan ikatan garam antara gugus yang
bermuatan berlawanan pada rantai samping asam amino.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Klasifikasi
protein berdasarkan daya kelarutannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Albumin : protein yang dapat melarut dalam air,
dan dapat dipresipitatkan dari larutan pada konsentrasi garam yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Globulin : protein ini umumnya tidak melarut
dalam air yang basa, garam, dan dapat melarut dalam larutan garam encer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Glutelin : protein yang tidak melarut dalam
larutan netral, retapi melarut dalam asam atau alkali encer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prolamine : protein yang melarut dalam 70-80%
etanol dan tidak melarut dalam air atau etanol absolute.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Klasifikasi protein berdasarkan fungsinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Enzim, berfungsi sebagai katalisator reaksi
kimia dalam jasad hidup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein pembangunan, berfungsi sebagai unsur
pembentuk struktur biologi kekuatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein kontraktil, berfungsi sebagai protein
yang memberikan kemampuan kepada sel dan organism untuk berkontraksi, mengubah
bentuk atau gerak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein pengangkut, memiliki kemampuan mengikat
molekul tertentu dan melakukan pengangkutan berbagai macam zat melalui aliran
darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein pengatur, yaitu beberapa protein
membantu mengatur aktivitas seluler atau fisiologis, diantaranya yaitu hormon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein bersifat racun, yaitu yang dapat
menyebabkan keracunan makanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein pelindung, yaitu protein khusus yang
dibuat oleh limposit yang dapat mengenali dan mengendapkan atau menetralkan
serangan bakteri, virus atau protein asing dari spesies lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein cadangan, protein ini disimpan untuk
berbagai proses metabolism dalam tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.4 Penggolongan protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan
strukturnya protein dapat dibagi dalam 2 golongan besar, yaitu golongan protein
sederhana dan protein gabungan.Yang dimaksud dengan protein sederhana ialah
protein yang hanya terdiri atas molekul-molekul asam amino.Sedangkan protein
gabungan ialah protein yang terdiri atas protein dan gugus bukan protein, gugus
ini disebut gugus prostetik dan terdiri ats karbohidrat, lipid, asam
nukleat.Proin sederhana dapat dibagi dalam dua bagian menurut bentuk molekulnya
yaitu protein biber dan protein globular.Protein fiber mmpunyai molekul panjang
seperti serat atau serabut.Sedangkan protein globular berbentuk bulat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein Fiber </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Molekul protein
ini terdiri atas beberapa rantai polipeptida yang memanjang dan dihubungkan
satu dengan yang lain oleh beberapa ikatan silang hingga merupakan bentuk serat
atau serabut yang stabil. Struktur protein fiber telah banyak diteliti dengan
menggunakan analisis difraksi sinar X. ciri khas protein fiber tedapat pada
beberapa jenis protein. Yang termasuk golongan ini adalah antara lain </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konfigurasi alfa helix pada kratin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lembaran berlipat parallel dan anti parallel
pada protein sutra alam; dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Helix tripel pada kolagen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sifat umum
protein fiber ialah tidak larut dalam air dan sukar diuraikan oleh
enzim.Kolagen adalah suatu jenis protein yang terdapat pada jaringan
ikat.Kratin adalah protein yang terdapat dalam bulu domba, sutra alam, rambut,
kulit, kuku dan sebagainya. Struktur kelatin hamper seluruhnya terdiri atas
rantai polipeptida yang berbentuk alfa helix.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.4.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein Globular</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Umunya
berbentuk bulat atu elips dan terdiri atas rantai polipeptida yang
berlipat.Protein globular pada umunya mempunyai sifat dapat larut dalam air,
dalam larutan asam atau basa dan dalam etanol.Beberapa jenis protein globular
yaitu albumin, globulin, histon, dan protamin.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:1GZX_Haemoglobin.png&filetimestamp=20070624205446"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/150px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png" border="0" height="150" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.png" width="150" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.4.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein Gabungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yang dimaksud
dengan protein gabungan ialah, protein yang berikatan dengan senyawa yang bukan
protein.Gugus bukan protein ini disebut gugus prostetik.Ada beberapa jenis
protein gabungan antara lain mukoprotein, glikoprotein, lipoprotein, dan
nucleoprotein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mukoprotein
adalah gabungan antara protein dan karbohidrat dengan kadar lebih dari 4%
dihitung sebagai heksosamina. Karbohidrat yang terikat ini berupa polisakarida
kompleks yang mengandug N-asetilheksosamina bergabung dengan asam uronat atau
monosakarida lain. Mukoprotein yang mudah larut terdapat pada bagian putih
telur, dalam serum daram dan urin wanita yang sedang hamil.protein ini tidak
mudah terdenaturasi oleh panas atau diendapkan oleh zat-zat yang biasanya dapat
mengendapkan protein, misalnya triklor asam asetat atau asam pikrat.
Glikoprotein adalah juga terdiri atas protein dan karbohidrat, tetapi dengan
kadar hexosamina kurang dari 4%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lipoprotein
adalah gabugan antara protein yang larut dalam air dengan lipid.Lipoprotein
terdapat dalam serum darah, dalam otak dan jaringan syaraf.Gugus lipid yang
biasanya terikat pada protein dalam lipoprotein antaralain lesitin dan
kolesterol.Nucleoprotein terdiri atas protein yang bergabung dengan asam
nukleat. Asam nukleat ini terdapat antara lain dalam inti sel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.5Sifat-sifat Protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.5.1<i>Ionisasi</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein yang larut dalam air akan membentuk ion
yang mempunyai muatan positif dan negative. Dalam suasana asam molekul protein
akan membentuk ion positif, sedangkan dalam suasana basa akan membentuk ion
negative. Protein mempunyai isolistrik yang berbeda-beda</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.5.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Denaturasi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beberapa jenis protein sangat peka terhadap
perubahan lingkungannya.Suatu protein mempunyai arti bagi tubuh apabila protein
tersebut di dalam tubuh dapat melakukan aktivitas biokimiawinya yang menunjang
kebutuhan hidup.Aktivitas ini banyak tergantung pada struktur dan konformasi
molekul protein berubah,misalnya oleh perubahan suhu,Ph atau karena terjadinya
suatu reaksi dengan senyawa lain,ion-ion logam,maka aktivitas biokimiawinya
akan berkurang.perubahan konformasi alamiah menjadi suatu konformasi yang tidak
menentu merupakan suatu proses yang disebut denaturasi.Proses denaturasi ini
kadang-kadang dapat berlangsung secara reversible,kadang-kadang tidak.Penggumpalan
protein biasanya didahului oleh proses denaturasi yang berlangsung dengan baik
pada titik isolistrik protein tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein akan mengalami koagulasi apabila
dipanaskan pada suhu 50 atau lebih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.5.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">V iskositas</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Viskositas adalah tahanan yang timbul aleh
adanya gesekan antara molekul-molekul di dalam zat cair yang mengalir.Suatu
larutan protein dalam air mempunyai viskositas atau kekentalan yang relative
lebih besar daripada viskositas air sebagai pelarutnya.Pada umumnya viskositas
suatu larutan tidak ditentukan atau diukur secara absolute, tetapi ditentukan
viskositas relatif, yaitu dibandingkan terhadap viskositas zat cair
tertentu.Alat yang digunakan untuk menentukan viskositas ini ialah viscometer
Oswald.Pengukuran viskositas dengan alat ini didasarkan pada kecepatan aliran
suatu zat cair atau larutan melalui pipa tertentu.Serum darah misalnya,
mempunyai kecepatan aliran yang lebih lambat dibandingkan dengan kecepatan
aliran air.Apabila viskositas air diberi harga satu, maka viskositas serum
darah mempunyai harga kira-kira antara 1,5 sampai 2,0. Viskositas larutan
protein tergantung pada jenis protein, bentuk molekul, konsentrasi serta
larutan.Viskositas berbanding lurus dengan konsentrasi tetapi berbanding terbalik
dengan suhu.Larutan suatu protein yang bentuk molekulnya panjang mempunyai
viskositas lebih besar daripada larutan suatu protein yang berbentuk bulat.Pada
titik isolistrik viskositas larutan protein mempunyai harga terkecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.5.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kristalisasi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Banyak protein yang telah dapat diperoleh dalam
bentuk Kristal. Meskipun demikian proses kristalisasi untuk berbagai jenis
protein tidak selalu sama, artinya ada yang dengan mudah dapat terkristalisasi,
tetapi ada pula yang sukar.Beberapa enzim antara pepsin, tripsin, katalase, dan
urease telah dapat diperoleh dalam bentuk Kristal. Albumin pada serum atau
telur sukar dikristalkan. Proses kristalisasi protein sering dilakukan dengan
jalan penambahan garam ammoniumsulfat atau NaCl pada larutan dengan pengaturan
pH pada titik isolistriknya. Kadang-kadang dilakukan pula penambahan asetonatau
alcohol dalam jumlah tertentu.Pada dasarnya semua usaha yang dilakukan itu
dimaksudkan untuk menurunkan kelarutan protein dan ternyata pada titik
isolistrik kelarutan protein paling kecil, sehingga mudah dapat dikristalkan
dengan baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.5.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">System koloid</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada tahun 1861 Thomas Graham membagi zat-zat
kimia dalam dua kategori, yaitu zat yang dapat menembus membran atau kertas
perkamen dan zat yang tidak dapat menembus membran. Oleh karena yang mudah
menembus membrane adalah zat yang dapat mengkristal, maka golongan ini disebut
kristaloid, sedangkan golongan lain yang tidak dapat menembus membrane disbut
koloid. Pengertian koloid pada waktu ii lebih banyak dihubungkan dengan besarnya
molekul atau pada bobot molekul yang besar.Molekul yang besar atau molekul
makro apabila dilarutkan dalam air mempunyai sifat koloid, yaitu tidak dapat
menembus membrane atau kertas perkamen, tetapi tidak cukup besar sehigga tidak
dapat mengendap secara alami.System koloid adalah system yang heterogen,
terdiri atas dua fase, yaitu partikel keci yang terdispersi dan medium atau
pelarutnya.Pada umumnya partiel koloid mempunyai ukuran antara 1 milimikaro-100
milimikro, namun batas ini tidak selalu tetap, mungkin lebih besar.Bobot
molekul beberapa protein telah ditentukan berdasarkan kecepatan pengendapan
dengan menggunakan ultrasentrifuga yang mempunyai kecepatan putar kira-kira
60.000 putaran per menit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Molekul Beberapa Protein</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 23.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 23.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Molekul</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sitikrom c</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">11.600</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ribonuklease </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">13.500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tripsin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">24.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Laktoglobulin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">35.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hemoglobin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">64.500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Heksokinase</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">96.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Laktat
dehidrogenase</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">150.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Urease</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">483.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Myosin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">620.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imonoglobulin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">960.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lipoprotein</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3-2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">juta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Reaksi-reksi
khas protein </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Reaksi
Xantoprotein</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Larutan asam
nitrat pekat ditambahkan dengan hati-hati kedalam larutan protein. Setelah
dicampur terjadi endapat putih yang dapat berubah menjadi kuning apabila
dipanaskan.Reaksi yang terjadi ialah nitrasi pada inti benzene yang terdapat
pada molekul protein .jadi reaksi ini positif untuk protein yang mengandung
tirosin. Fenilanin dan tripotan. Kulit kia bila kena asam nitrat berarna
kuning, itu juga karena terjadi reaksi xantoprotein ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Reaksi
Hopkins-cole</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tripoptan dapat
berkondensasi dengan beberapa aldehid denganbantuan asam kuat dan membentuk
senyawa yang berawarna .Larutan protein yang mengadung tripoptan dapat di
reaksikan dengan pereaksi Hopkins-cole yang mengadung asam glioksilat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Reaksi Millon</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Reaksi millon
adalah larutan dan merkuro dan merkuro nitrat dalam asam nitrat. Apabila
preaksi ini ditambahkan pada larutan protein, akan menghasilkan endapan putih
yang dapat berubah menjadi merah oleh pemanasan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Reaksi
Nitroprusida</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Natriumnitroprosida
dalam larutan amoniak akan menghasilkan warna merah dengan protein yang
mempunyai gugus-SH bebas. Jadi protei yang mengandung sistein dapat memberikan
hasil positif.Gugus –s-s- pada sistin apabila direduksi dahulu dapat juga
memberikan hasil positif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Reaksi Sakaguchi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Preaksi yang
digunakan ialah naftol dan natriumhipobromit.Pada dasarnya reaksi ini memberi
hasil positif apabila ada gugus guanidine.Jadi arginin atau protein yang
mengandung arginin dapat mnghasilkan warna merah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemurnian
protein </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Langkah awal
dalam pemurnian protein ini ialah menentukan bahan alam yang akan diproses.
Penentuan ini didasarkan pada kadar protein yang terkandung didalamnya. Langkah
berikutnya ialah mengeluarkan protein dari bahan alam tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.6 Fungsi Biologi Protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Suatu protein,
baik structural dan fungsionalnya, ditentukan oleh susunan atau sekuensi residu
asam amino yang menyusunnya. Salah satu tujuan biokimia yang banyak diteliti
dan dikerjakan ialah menentukan sekuensi dan residu asam amino yang
menyusunnya, karena sekuensi dan residu asam amino inilah yang berperan pada
fungsi biologi makromolekul protein. Berikut beberapa makromolekul protein
alamiah yang fungsi biologinya sudah diketahui dengan baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Enzim ialah
protein yang berfungsi sebagai biokatalis pada reaksi-reaksi metabolism. Semua
reaksi metabolism di dalam dan di luar sel dikatalisis oleh enzim. Enzim
kerjanya amat spesifik dan “berdisiplin tinggi”. Setiap reaksi metabolisme
dimulai dimulai dan dipandu oleh enzim khusus. Sudah diketahui lebih dari 200
enzim yang masing-masing mengakatalitik reaksi yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein
transfor ialah protein yang berfungsi sebagai pengangkut dan pembawa molekul
atau ion spesifik dan macam-macam gas seperti gas oksigen ke sel lain atau
jaringan atau organ yang memerlukannya. Sebaliknya, ia juga mengangkut “limbah”
metabolism yang harus dikeluarkan dari jaringan atau organ keluar tubuh/sel.
Protein transfor ialah haemoglobin pada cairan darah. Pada plasma darah, ada
juga lipoprotein yaitu senyawa lipid-protein yang mengangkut asam lemak, lipid,
glukosa, asam amino berupa nutrient yang diperlukan oleh sel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein
penyimpan protein banyak ditemukan pada berbagai biji yang siap tumbuh seperti
kecambah. Protein ini dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan embrio tumbuhan sebelum
tumbuhan tersebut dapat mandiri. Sebagai contoh, protein biji gandum, beras,
jagung, dan sebagainya. Pada telur, sebagai persiapan embrio, ditemukan protein
ovalbumin dan albumin pada putih telurnya. Susu atau ASI sebagai makanan bayi
mengandung kasein, yaitu protein susu. Ferritin ditemukan pada jaringan, yaitu
protein yang menyimpan unsur besi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein motil
ialah protein yang ditemukan di dalam sel yang menyebabkan sel yang
bersangkutan dapat berubah bentuk dan bergerak sebagai akibat berkontraksinya
bagian sitoplasma khusus, karena itu disebut juga protein kontraktil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein
structural, beberapa jaringan atau organ dari suatu organisme dapat kaku
sehingga dapat menyangga organisme secara keseluruhan karena beberapa protein
structural.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein
pertahanan tubuh, ada protein yang berfungsi mempertahankan tubuh organisme
terhadap serangan akibat masuknya protein asing atau supramolekul virus atau
sel bakteri ke dalam organisme. Imunoglobin adalah protein antibody pada
vertebrata yang diproduksi oleh limposit yang dapat menetralisasi dengan cara
mengendapkan protein asing tadi sehingga netral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein
pengatur, adalah protein yang mengkoordinasi dan mengatur aktivitas selular
secara fisiologi, yaitu hormone, contohnya insulin. Hormone pertumbuhan dari
kelenajar pituitary dan paratiroid adalah molekul protein yang mengatur
transfor CA2+ dan P pada tingkat seluler. Repressor adalah protein yang
mengatur biosintesis enzim pada sel bakteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Monelin,
protein yang ditemukan pada tumbuhan di Afrika yang rasanya manis, sedang
dipelajari kemungkinan dapat menggantikan glukosa yang berisiko tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein
antibeku, ditemukan pada plasma darah ikan yang hidup di Benua Antartika.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein
resilin, ditemukan pada persendian sayap insekta, keistimewaannya ialah
memiliki daya elastisitas yang sempurna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.7 Protein Majemuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein majemuk adalah protein yang mengandung
senyawa bukan protein, senyawa ini disebut gugus prosterik.Protein ini banyak
terdapat di alam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nucleoprotein </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berlainan
dengan nukleohiston, hubungan asam nukleat dengan protein pada nukleatprotein
ialah dengan cara ikatan valensi sekunder, bukan antara asam dan basa.
Nucleoprotein larut dalam larutan garam isotonic dan didapatkan pada jasad
renik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Glikoprotein </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gugus
penggandeng disini ialah karbohidrat.Contoh : musin (pada air liur), oskomukaid
(pada tulang), dan tendomukoid (pada tendon).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fosfoprotein </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fosfoprotein
ialah senyawa protein yang mengandung fosfor.Contoh : kasein (pada susu), dan
vitelin (pada kuning telur).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kromoprotein </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Termasuk
golongan ini ialah protein protein berfigmen yang disebabkan oleh gugus
prostestiknya, diantaranya hemoglobin (mengandung protoporfirin besi),
seruroplasmin (mengandung Cu), hemosianin (mengandung Cu), asam askorbat
oksidase (mengandung Cu), dan ferritin (mengandung Fe).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein-koenzim</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Contohnya
dehigrogenase yakni enzim pengoksidasi yang mengandung gugus prostetik NAD+,
NADP+, FMN, dan FAD.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lipoprotein </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagai gugus
protestik disini ialah asam lemak, lesitin, atau sefalin. Lipoprotein tidak
sama dengan proteolipid, karena lebih sedikit mengandung lipida.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metaloprotein </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein yang
mengandung unsur-unsur anorganik seperti Fe, Co, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mg, dan
sebagainya.Logam-logam ini penting bagi protein-protein tertentu dan banyak
enzim tergolong dalam metaloprotein ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.8 Struktur Protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Protein mempunyai struktur yang sangat kompleks. Struktur protein
memegang peranan penting dalam menentukan aktivitas biologisnya.Struktur
protein terdiri dari empat tingkatan, yaitu struktur primer, sekunder, tersier,
dan kuartener. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Struktur primer</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Struktur primer merupakan u</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">rutan asam amino dalam struktur protein yang dihasilkan dari ikatan kovalen
antar asam amino dalam rantai (ikatan peptida)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Sifat kovalen pada ikatan
peptida stabil, tidak dipengaruhi oleh pH dan
pelarut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.8.1 Struktur Sekunder</span></div>
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Kekuatan menarik di antara asam amino dalam rangkaian protein menyebabkan
struktur utama (primer) membelit, melingkar, dan melipat diri sendiri.Bentuk-bentuk
yang dihasilkan dapat spiral, heliks, dan lembaran.Bentuk ini dinamakan bentuk
struktur sekunder. Struktur sekunder dikukuhkan oleh ikatan hidrogen.Struktur
sekunder protein yang merupakan konformasi rantai polipeptidanya terdiri dari:</span></div>
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<span lang="EL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EL; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-heliks </span></div>
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<span lang="EL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EL; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">heliks</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
terbentuk karena adanya ikatan hidrogen antara atom O pada gugus CO dengan atom
H pada gugus NH (ditandai dengan garis warna oranye). </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EL; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">heliks</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
berupa pilinan rantai asam amino yang menggulung berbentuk seperti spiral.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">β-pleated sheet </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Struktur β-pleated sheet juga terbentuk karena
adanya ikatan hidrogen. Namun seperti terlihat pada gambar, ikatan hidrogen
terjadi antara atom H pada gugus </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">NH </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ikatan peptida</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">engan atom O (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">oksigen karbonil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">) pada </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">gugus ikatan peptida lain
dalam rantai peptida yang tidak sama</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sehingga
membentuk seperti lembaran kertas yang berlipat-lipat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> 2.8.2 Struktur Tersier</span></div>
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Struktur tersier terjadi karena
pelipatan struktur sekunder akibat adanya interaksi antar gugus alkil (R) satu
sama lain, yaitu interaksi hidrofobik, ionik, ikatan hidrogen, </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">gaya dispersi van der waals </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dan jembatan disulfida. Sehingga, membentuk
struktur tiga dimensi.Struktur tersier dikukuhkan oleh berbagai jenis ikatan
seperti jembatan garam, ikatan disulfida, dan interaksi hidrofobik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.8.3 Struktur Kuartener</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Merupakan
protein atau polipeptida yang sudah memiliki struktur tersier yang dapat saling
berinteraksi dan bergabung menjadi suatu multimer.Protein pembentuk multimer
dinamakan subunit.Jika suatu multimer dinamakan dimer jika terdiri atas 2
subunit, trimer jika 3 subunit dan tetramer untuk 4 subunit.Multimer yang
terbentuk dari subunit-subunit identik disebut dengan awalan homo–, sedangkan
jika subunitnya berbeda-beda dinamakan hetero–.Misalnya hemoglobin yang terdiri
atas 2 subunit alfa dan 2 subunit beta dinamakan heterotetramer. Beberapa
protein dapat berfungsi sebagai monomer, sehingga ia tidak memiliki struktur
kuartener.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU_qpswDYg9pv6JZRIlbAOTHqxE-_pbpJpOWSKTIiThHgtGaSxoAQOkIBRH9TKkk4bffRuKfX252thyphenhyphenoZchp1WucN8TfNSQ9ZvyJyGS4ZeDOqN0cj8lN1VUHG8uwx60fYPyEGaygr3tFM/s1600/kuartener.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU_qpswDYg9pv6JZRIlbAOTHqxE-_pbpJpOWSKTIiThHgtGaSxoAQOkIBRH9TKkk4bffRuKfX252thyphenhyphenoZchp1WucN8TfNSQ9ZvyJyGS4ZeDOqN0cj8lN1VUHG8uwx60fYPyEGaygr3tFM/s320/kuartener.jpg" border="0" height="286" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB III</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KESIMPULAN DAN
SARAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesimpulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Biokimia merupakan ilmu
yang mempelajari struktur dan fungsi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_%28biologi%29" title="Sel (biologi)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komponen selular</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">protein</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbohidrat</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lipid</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_nukleat" title="Asam nukleat"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam nukleat</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biomolekul</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kondisi lingkungan.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan bentuknya, protein dibagi menjadi :
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1) Protein
globular </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2) Protein
fibrosa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">protein merupakan senyawakomponen utama a
sebagai penyusun sel tubuh mahluk hidup, yang dimana protrin tersebut
jugatersusun atas senyawa berupa asam amino. Kemudian, dari asam amino tersebut
tersusun atasikatan peptida yang terdiri atas tiga gugus molekul yakni basa
punin dan pinidimin. Dan dari pembahasan tadi dapat di ketahui tentang
struktur, penggolongan maupunmanfaat senyawa protein bagi tubuh, serta reaksi
kimianya yang berlangsung dalam tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beberapa makanan sumber protein ialah daging,
telur, susu, ikan, beras, kacang, kedelai, gandum, jagung, dan buah-buahan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protein
merupakan komponen penting atau komponen utama sel hewan atau manusia. Oleh karena
sel itu merupakan pembentuk tubuh kita, maka protein yang terdapat dalam
makanan berfungsi sebagai zat utama dalam pembentukan dan pertumbuhan
tubuh,jadi banyak-banyaklah mengonsumsi protein.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10271231242125915327noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6554725584398580449.post-60509234232437480492013-04-09T08:45:00.000-07:002013-04-09T08:45:39.953-07:00Botani Tingkat Tinggi<!--[if !mso]>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IDENTIFIKASI, SISTEM IDENTIFIKASI DAN
HERBARIUM</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.
</span></span>Identifikasi dan Sistem Identifikasi<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Identifikasi
dalam biologi adalah proses menetapkan nama individu atau kelas yang sudah ada
untuk suatu organisme individu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identifikasi
tumbuhan adalah menentukan namanya yang benar dan tempatnya yang tepat dalam
sistem klasifikasi. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumbuhan
yang akan diidentifikasikan mungkin belum dikenal oleh dunia ilmu pengetahuan
(belum ada nama ilmiahnya), atau mungkin sudah dikenal oleh dunia ilmu
pengetahuan. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penentuan
nama baru dan penentuan tingkat-tingkat takson harus mengikuti aturan yang ada
dalam KITT.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prosedur
identifikasi tumbuhan yang untuk pertama kali akan diperkenalkan ke dunia
ilmiah memerlukan bekal ilmu pengetahuan yang mendalam tentang isi KITT.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
identifikasi tumbuhan yang telah dikenal oleh dunia ilmu pengetahuan,
memerlukan sarana antara lain bantuan orang, spesimen herbarium, buku-buku
flora dan monografi, kunci identifikasi dan lembar identifikasi jenis.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flora
adalah suatu bentuk karya taksonomi tumbuhan yang memuat jenis-jenis tumbuhan
yang ditemukan dalam suatu wilayah tertentu.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monografi
adalah suatu bentuk karya taksonomi tumbuhan yang memuat jenis-jenis tumbuhan
yang tergolong dalam kategori tertentu. baik yang terbatas pada suatu wilayah
tertentu saja maupun yang terdapat di seluruh dunia.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kunci
identifikasi merupakan serentetan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang jawabnya harus
ditemukan pada spesimen yang akan diidentifikasi.<br />
Bila semua pertanyaan berturut-turut dalam kunci identifikasi ditemukan
jawabnya, berarti nama serta tempatnya dalam sistem klasifikasi tumbuhan yang
akan diidentifikasi dapat diketahui.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lembar
Identifikasi Jenis adalah sebuah gambar suatu jenis tumbuhan yang disertai
dengan nama klasifikasi jenis yang bersangkutan</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.
</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Identifikasi tumbuhan yang belum dikenal oleh
dunia ilmu pengetahuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Identifikasi
tumbuhan yang sudah dikenal oleh dunia ilmu pengetahuan yaitu identifikasi
tumbuhan yang mana kita belum mengetahui untuk taksonomi tumbuhan tersebut,
akan tetapi sudah dikenal oleh dunia ilmu pengetahuan. Jika kita mengadakan
koleksi tumbuhan kemungkinan setelah mengadakan penelusuran pustaka yang ada di
dunia ini atau pengecekan terhadap pustaka-pustaka atau koleksi herbarium yang
ada di Lembaga Herbarium Internasional di seluruh dunia, diketahui bahwa
tumbuhan tersebut belum diidentifikasi atau diberi nama, maka tugas kita adalah
memberi nama tumbuhan dan menempatkannya dalam klasifikasi tumbuhan. Untuk
memberi nama baru harus mengikuti aturan yang ada dalam Kode Internasional
Tatanama Tumbuhan (KITT) dan hendaknya harus mengikuti rekomendasinya. Nama
yang harus diberikan adalah nama ilmiah, syah, dipublikasi secara valid dan
efektif serta berhubungan secara permanent dengan salah satu elemen dari takson
tersebut, yaitu tipe tatanama dari takson baru tersebut. Untuk klasifikasinya
pun diharapkan agar dapat disesuaikan dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Identifikasi
tumbuhan selalu didasarkan atas specimen (bahan) yang real, baik specimen yang
masih hidup maupun yang telah diawetkan. Oleh pelaku identifikasi specimen yang
belum dikenal itu, melaui studi yang seksama kemudian dibuatkan candra yang
memuatkan ciri-ciri diagnostiknya. Berikutnya adalah menetapkan specimen itu
merupakan anggota populasi jenis apa, dan berturut-turut ke atas di masukkkan
kategori mana (marga, suku, bangsa, dan kelas serta devisinya). Penentuan nama
jenis dan tingkat takson ke atas berturut-turut tidak boleh menyimpang dari
ketentuan yang berlaku dalam KITT. Nama takson baru itu selanjutnya harus
dipublikasikan melalui car-cara yang diatur dalam KITT.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.
</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Identifikasi
tumbuhan yang belum kita ketahui, tetapi telah diketahui oleh ilmu <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pengetahuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk
mendeterminasi tumbuhan pertama sekali adalah mempelajari sifat morfologi
tumbuhan tersebut (seperti posisi, bentuk, ukuran dan jumlah bagian-bagian
daun, bunga, buah dan lainlainnya). Langkah berikut adalah membandingkan atau
mempersamakan ciri-ciri tumbuhan tadi dengan tumbuhan lainnya yang sudah
dikenal identitasnya, dengan menggunakan salah satu cara di bawah ini:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ingatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pendeterminasian
ini dilakukan berdasarkan pengalaman atau ingatan kita. Kita mengenal suatu
tumbuhan secara langsung karena identitas jenis tumbuhan yang sama sudah kita
ketahui sebelumnya, misalnya didapatkan di kelas, atau pernah mempelajarinya,
pernah diberitahukan orang lain dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bantuan orang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pendeterminasian
dilakukan dengan meminta bantuan ahli-ahli botani sistematika yang bekerja di
pusat-pusat penelitian botani sistematika, atausiapa saja yang bisa memberikan
pertolongan. Seorang ahli umumnya dapat cepat melakukan pendeterminasian karena
pengalamannya, dan kalau menemui kesulitan maka dia akan menggunakan kedua cara
berikutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Spesimen acuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pendeterminasian
tumbuhan dapat juga dilakukan dengan membandingkan secara langsung dengan
specimen acuan yang biasanyadiberi label nama. Spesimen tersebut bisa berupa
tumbuhan hidup, misalnya koleksi hidup di kebun raya. Akan tetapi specimen
acuan yang umum dipakai adalah koleksi kering atau herbarium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">d.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pustaka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Cara
lain untuk mendeterminasi tumbuhan adalah dengan membandingkan atau mencocokkan
ciriciri tumbuhan yang akan dideterminasi dengan pertelaan-pertelaan serta
gambar-gambar yang adadalam pustaka. Pertelaan-pertelaan tersebut dapat
dijumpai dalam hasil penelitian botani sistematika yang disajikan dalam bentuk
monografi, revisi, flora, buku-buku pegangan ataupun bentuk lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">e.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komputer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berkat
pesatnya kemajuan teknologi dan biometrika akan ada mesin elektronika modern
yang diprogramkan untuk menyimpan, mengolah dan memberikan kembali
keterangan-keterangan tentang tumbuh-tumbuhan. Dengan demikian pendeterminasian
tumbuh-tumbuhan nantinya akan dapat dilakukan dengan bantuan komputer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.
</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kunci
Determinasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Determinasi
yaitu membandingkan suatu tumbuhan dengan satu tumbuhan lain yang sudah dikenal
sebelumnya (dicocokkan ataudipersamakan). Karena di dunia ini tidak ada dua
benda yang identik atau persis sama, maka istilah determinasi (Inggris to
determine = menentukan, memastikan) dianggap lebih tepat daripada istilah
identifikasi (Inggeris to identify = mempersamakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pembuatan kunci determinasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kunci
determinasi merupakan suatu alat yang diciptakan khusus untuk memperlancar
pelaksanaan pendeterminasian tumbuh-tumbuhan. Kunci determinasi dibuat secara
bertahap, sampai bangsa saja, suku, marga atau jenis dan seterusnya. Ciri-ciri
tumbuhan disusun sedemikian rupa sehingga selangkah demi selangkah si pemakai
kunci dipaksa memilih satu di antara dua atau beberapa sifat yang bertentangan,
begitu seterusnya hingga akhirnya diperoleh suatu jawaban berupa identitas
tumbuhan yang diinginkan. Beberapa syarat kunci determinasi yang baik menurut
Vogel (1989) antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ciri
yang dimasukkan mudah diobservasi, karakter internal dimasukkan bila sangat
penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Menggunakan
karakter positif dan mencakup seluruh variasi dalam grupnya. Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">a).
Leaves opposites</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">b).
Leaves either in whorls, or spirally arranged, or distichous</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">a).
Leaves opposites</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">b)
. Leaves not opposites</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Deskripsi
karakter dengan istilah umum yang dimengerti orang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Menggunakan
kalimat sesingkat mungkin, hindari deskripsi dalam kunci</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Mencantumkan
nomor couplet</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Mulai
dari ciri umum ke khusus, bawah ke atas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">b. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menggunakan kunci determinasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Saran-saran
dalam penggunaan kunci determinasi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.
</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kumpulkan
informasi sebanyak mungkin tentang ciri tumbuhan yang akan dideterminasi (kalau
ada lengkap vegetatif dan generatif).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.
</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pilih kunci
yang sesuai dengan materi tumbuhan dan daerah geografi di mana tumbuhan
tersebut diperoleh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.
</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Baca
pengantar kunci tersebut dan semua singkatan atau hal-hallain yang lebih rinci.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.
</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Perhatikan
pilihan yang ada secara hati-hati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.
</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hendaknya
semua istilah yang ada dipahami artinya. Gunakan glossary atau kamus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.
</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bila
spesimen tersebut tidak cocok dengan semua kunci dan semua pilihan layaknya tidak
kena, mungkin terjadi kesalahan, ulangi kebelakang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.
</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Apabila
kedua pilihannya mugkin, coba ikuti keduanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.
</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Konfirmasikan
pilihan tersebut dengan membaca deskripsinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.
</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Spesimen
yang berhasil dideterminasi sebaiknya diverifikasi dengan ilustrasi atau spesimen
herbarium yang ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jenis-jenis kunci determinasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berdasarkan
cara penyusunan sifat-sifat yang harus dipilih maka dikenal tiga macam kunci
determinasi yaitu kunci analisis,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kunci
perbandingan, dan sinopsis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kunci
analisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kunci
analisis merupakan kunci yang paling umum digunakan dalam pustaka. Kunci ini
sering juga disebut kunci dikotomi sebab terdiri atas sederetan bait atau
kuplet. Setiap bait terdiri atas dua (atau adakalanya beberapa) baris yang
disebut penuntun dan berisi ciri-ciri yang bertentangan satu sama lain. Untuk
memudahkan pemakaian dan pengacuan, maka setiap bait diberi bernomor, sedangkan
penuntunnya ditandai dengan huruf. Kunci analisis dibedakan menjadi dua macam
berdasarkan cara penempatan bait-baitnya yaitu kunci bertakik (kunci indent)
dan kunci paralel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kunci
perbandingan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dalam
kunci perbandingan maka semua takson tumbuhan yang dicakup dan segala ciri
utamanya dicantumkan sekaligus. Yang termasuk kunci perbandingan adalah table,
kartu berlubang, dan kunci Leenhouts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sinopsis
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sinopsis
merupakan kesimpulan suatu sistem penggolongan yang disajikan secara tertulis.
Golongan-golongan yang diduga mempunyai kekerabatan yang erat dikelompokan dan
ciri umum yang dipakai sebagai dasar pengelompokn dicantumkan. Jadi walaupun
penyajian sinopsis itu kebanyakan menyerupai bentuk bertakik, tetapi tujuan
utama penyusunannya bukanlah dimaksudkan untuk mendeterminasikan takson
tumbuhan, jadi sinopsis nerupakan bentuk kunci yang memeperlihatkan gambaran
sifat-sifat teknik yang umum ataua secara keseluruhan dalam membedakan golongan
tumbuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">B. Herbarium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Herbarium berasal dari kata
“hortus dan botanicus”, artinya kebun botani yang dikeringkan. Secara sederhana
yang dimaksud herbarium adalah koleksi spesimen yang telah dikeringkan,
biasanya disusun berdasarkan sistim klasifikasi. Herbarium merupakan karya
referensi tiga dimensi, herbarium bukan hanya untuk mendefinisikan suatu pohon,
namun segala sesuatu dari pohon. Mereka memegang bagian yang sebenarnya dari
bagian mereka itu. Nama latin untuk koleksi ini ataupun Herbarium adalah Siccus
Hortus, yang secara harfiah berarti taman kering, dan setiap specimen menekan
yang terpasang pada selembar kertas yang diulisi dengan apa tanaman yang
dikumpulkan itu, kapan dan dimana ditemukannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Istilah herbarium dipakai
oleh Linnaeus sedang sebelumnya dipakai istilah Hortus Siccus, Hortus Mortus
dan istilah-istilah lain. Pengaruh Linnaeus ini mempunyai arti sebagaimana yang
dipergunakan orang sampai saat ini. Herbarium kini dimungkinkan untuk disimpan
dalam waktu yang lama karena telah diketemukan cara pengepresan, pengeringan
dan juga cara pengawetan suatu spesies tumbuhan. Pemeliharaan yang hati-hati
dapat tahan dalam waktu yang lama. Contohnya herbarium dari Ghini (1519-1559)
dan Caesalpano (1519-1576) masih ada sampai sekarang di herbarium Leiden.
Sebuah herbarium dapat memeberikan empat layanan utama:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengidentifikasi bahan percobaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dasar untuk penelitian dan persiapan flora, monografi dan
revisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengajaran </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengamatan bahan bukti percobaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut jenisnya, herbarium dibedakan menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Herbarium Basah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Setelah material herbarium
diberi label gantung dan dirapikan, kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam lipatan kertas
koran. Satu lipatan kertas koran untuk satu specimen (contoh). Tidak benar
digabungkan beberapa specimen di dalam satu lipatan kertas. Selanjutnya,
lipatan kertas koran berisi material herbarium tersebut ditumpuk satu diatas
lainnya. Tebal tumpukan disesuaikan dengan dengan daya muat kantong plastik (40
× 60) yang akan digunakan. Tumpukkan tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam kantong plastik
dan disiram alcohol 70 % atau spiritus hingga seluruh bagian tumbukan tersiram
secara merata, kemudian kantong plastic ditutup rapat dengan isolatip atau
hekter supaya alcohol atau spiritus tidak menguap keluar dari kantong plastic.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><img height="311" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.jpg" width="453" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2. HerbariumKering</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Cara kering menggunakan dua macam proses yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengeringan langsung, yakni tumpukan material herbarium yang
tidak terlalu tebal di pres di dalam sasak, kemudian dikeringkan diatas tungku
pengeringan dengan panas yang diatur di dalam oven. Pengeringan harus segera
dilakukan karena jika terlambat akan mengakibatkan material herbarium rontok
daunnya dan cepat menjadi busuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengeringan bertahap, yakni material herbarium dicelup
terlebih dahulu di dalam air mendidih selama 3 menit, kemudian dirapikan lalu
dimasukkan ke dalam lipatan kertas koran. Selanjutnya, ditempuk dan dipres,
dijemur atau dikeringkan di atas tungku pengeringan. Selama proses pengeringan
material herbarium itu harus sering diperiksa dan diupayakan agar pengeringan
nya merata. Setelah kering, material herbarium dirapikan kembali dan kertas
koran bekas pengeringan tadi diganti dengan kertas baru. Kemudian material
herbarium dapat dikemas untuk diidentifikasi.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-other;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><img height="322" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.jpg" width="269" /><img height="306" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.jpg" width="441" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1). Cara Mengoleksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Cara koleksi
tumbuhan-tumbuhan yang memiliki perawakan kecil seperti herba atau semak dapat
dikoleksi secara menyeluh. Sedangkan cara mengoleksi pohon-pohon yang tinggi,
liana dan epifit yakni dengan mengumpulkan apa saja yang dimiliki oleh tanaman
tersebut yang diseleksi tanpa merusak tanaman tersebut. Pada pengoleksian
idealnya harus berisi semua bagian tanaman seperti akar, batang, daun, buah,
biji dan sebagainya.Dalam pengumpulan tumbuhan dilapangan harus memperhatikan
hal-hal berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tumbuhan yang dibuat herbarium diusahakan selengkap mungkin
dan terutama tumbuhan yang sedang berbunga atau yang sedang berbuah.<br />
Kumpulkan tanaman dari lapangan kedalan vaskulum atau masukkan diantara kertas
koran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tumbuhan diberi etiket gantung dan diberi nomor urut, nama
singkatan kolektor, tanggal pengambilan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada buku koleksi dibuat catatan yang datanya tidak
terbawapada specimen yag diambil : tempat tumbuh, tinggi tempat, keadaan ,
warna, bau, bagian-bagian dalam tumbuhan (besar populasi), dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada saat melaksanakan koleksi di lapangan aspek-aspek
yang penting untuk dicatat pada buku koleksi adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1. </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nomor koleksi secara berurutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2. </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lokasi pengambilan sampel meliputi desa/kelurahan,
kecamatan, kabupaten dan seterusnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3. </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Habitat meliputi ketinggian tempat (dpl), kemiringan,
jenis tanah dan sebagainya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4. </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Habitus apakah berupa semak, pohon, herba, epipit atau
liana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5. </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Eksudat meliputi warna, bau, rasa, jumlah dan
sebagainya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6. </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Warna bunga, buah dan bagian-bagian lain yang dianggap
akan hilang pada saat spesimen telah menjadi herbarium,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7. </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ekologi meliputi frekuensi, densitas, dominansi,
polinasi, dispersal unit dan sebagainya,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8. </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nama daerah serta manfaatnya bagi manusia terutama
bagi masyarakat setempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Teknik
Pembuatan Herbarium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Persiapan koleksi yang baik di lapangan merupakan
aspek penting dalam praktek pembuatan herbarium. Spesimen herbarium yang baik
harus memberikan informasi terbaik mengenai tumbuhan tersebut kepada para
peneliti. Dengan kata lain, suatu koleksi tumbuhan harus mempunyai seluruh
bagian tumbuhan dan harus ada keterangan yang memberikan seluruh informasi yang
tidak nampak pada spesimen herbarium. Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam
mengkoleksi tumbuhan antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a. Perlengkapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Beberapa perlengkapan yang diperlukan untuk
mengkoleksi tumbuhan di lapangan antara lain: gunting tanaman, buku catatan,
label, pensil, lensa tangan, Koran bekas, penekan/penghimpit, tali pengikat,
vasculum, kantong plastik, alkohol, kantong kertas (untuk cryptogamae, buah dan
biji), peta, kamera dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa yang dikoleksi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tumbuhan kecil harus dikoleksi seluruh organnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tumbuhan besar atau pohon, dikoleksi sebagian cabangnya
dengan panjang 30-40 cm yang mempunyai organ lengkap: daun (minimal punya 3
daun untuk melihat phylotaksis), bunga dan buah, diambil dari satu tumbuhan.
Untuk pohon yang sangat tinggi, pengambilan organ generatifnya bisa dilakukan
dengan galah, ketapel atau menggunakan hewan, misalnya beruk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk pohon atau perdu kadang-kadang penting untuk
mengkoleksi kuncup (daun baru) karena kadang-kadang stipulanya mudah gugur dan
brakhtea sering ditemukan hanya pada bagian-bagian yang muda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tumbuhan herba dikoleksi seluruh organnya kecuali untuk herba
besar seperti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Araceae</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Koleksi tumbuhan hidup; dianjurkan untuk ditanam di kebun
botani dan rumah kaca. Contoh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Epifit, anggrek akarnya dibungkus dengan lumut, akar-akar
paku, serat kelapa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Biji-biji tumbuhan air disimpan dalam air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Biji-biji kapsul kering jangan diambil dari kapsulnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Catatan lapangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Catatan lapangan segera dibuat setelah mengkoleksi
tumbuhan, berisi keterangan-keterangan tentang ciri-ciri tumbuhan tersebut yang
tidak terlihat setelah spesimen kering. Beberapa keterangan yang harus
dicantumkan antara lain: lokasi, habitat, habit, warna (bunga, buah), bau,
eksudat, pollinator (kalau ada), pemanfaatan secara lokal, nama daerah dan
sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">c. Pengeringan spesimen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Setelah dilabel (etiket
gantung) koleksi dimasukkan ke dalam lipatan kertas koran dimasukkan ke kantong
plastik disiram dengan alkohol 70 % hingga basahà dikeringkan. Pengeringan
dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara yaitu: panas matahari, menggunakan kayu
bakar, arang dan dengan listrik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">d. Proses pengeringan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5-10 spesimen diapit dengan
penekan atau sasak ukuran 45 x 35 cm. Untuk specimen yang banyak, bisa
digunakan karton atau aluminium berombak/beralur untuk mengapit specimen
sehingga tidak perlu mengganti-ganti kertas Koran, diletakkan vertikal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Buah-buah besar dipisah,
dimasukkan ke dalam kantong, beri label dan keringkan terpisah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tumbuhan yang sangat lunak
dimasukkan ke dalam air mendidih beberapa menit untuk membunuh jaringan dan mempercepat
pengeringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dibalik-balik secara
teratur, kertas diganti beberapa kali terutama hari pertama, kalau specimen
sudah kaku lebih ditekan lagi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: -21.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1,5-2 hari specimen akan
kering</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">e. Pembuatan herbarium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Mounting</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Spesimen yang sudah kering dijahit atau dilem di atas
kertas karton</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gunakan kertas yang kuat atau tidak cepat rusak dan kaku,
ukuran 29 x 43 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk tumbuhan Palmae atau tumbuhan lain yang organnya besar,
1 spesimen dimounting pada beberapa lembar kertas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Labeling</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Label yang berisi keterangan-keterangan tentang tumbuhan
tersebut diletakkan di sudut kiri bawah atau sudut kanan bawah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Spesimen dipisahkan sesuai dengan kelompoknya kemudian
diidentifikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dianjurkan membuat lembar label kosong untuk kemungkinan
perubahan nama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Pengasapan dan peracunan (Fumigasi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebelum memasukkan spesimen ke herbarium terlebih
dahulu harus diasap dengan carbon bisulfida dalam ruangan tertentu. Metode lain
dapat dilakukan dengan menambahkan kristal paradiklorobenzen. Umumnya
herbarium-herbarium melakukan fumigasi dengan interval 1, 2, 3 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
C. Kesimpulan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Identifikasi
dalam biologi adalah proses menetapkan nama individu atau kelas yang sudah ada
untuk suatu organisme individu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">herbarium adalah koleksi spesimen yang telah dikeringkan,
biasanya disusun berdasarkan sistim klasifikasi</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10271231242125915327noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6554725584398580449.post-23143658942656505612012-11-07T23:39:00.003-08:002012-11-07T23:39:55.195-08:00Histologi<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="Section1" style="color: blue;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DEFINISI DAN KLASIFIKASI DARI JARINGAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section2" style="color: blue;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Histologi adalah khusus dari
anatomi yang </span></div>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">melibatkan studi tentang struktur
mikroskopis dari jaringan. jaringan yang ditugaskan
untuk empat kategori dasar berdasarkan komposisi celluler mereka dan
histologi penampilan histologis. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meskipun sel
adalah unit struktural dan fungsional
dari tubuh, sel-sel dari organisme multiselular yang
kompleks sangat khusus bahwa mereka tidak berfungsi
independentaly. jaringan yang agregations sel yang sama
dan produk sel yang melakukan fungsi tertentu. berbagai
jenis jaringan yang dibentuk selama perkembangan embrio
awal. sebagai embrio tumbuh, termasuk otak, jantung
dan otot, berisi sel-sel asli dan jaringan
yang terbentuk sebelum lahir, meskipun beberapa perubahan
fungsional terjadi pada jaringan karena mereka ditindak
lanjuti oleh hormon atau sebagai efektivitas
mereka berkurang dengan usia</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6554725584398580449" name="_GoBack"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<span class="hps"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">M</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">eskipun</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">menggunakan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">teknik yang berbeda</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">histologists</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">banyak</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untukmempersiapkan</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">pewarnaan</span>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">pemotongan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">jaringan</span>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">hanyadua</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">jenis</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">dasardar</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">i </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mikroskop</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">yang digunakan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untukmelihat</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">jaringan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">disiapkan.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mikroskop</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">cahaya yang digunakan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untukmengamati</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">strukturkeseluruhan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">jaringan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">fig.4.1),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">mikroskopelektron</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">untukmengamati</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">rincian</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">denda</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">jaringandan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">strukturselular</span>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">sebagianbesarphotomicrographs</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">histologis</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">dalamteksini</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">berada di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">tingkat</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">miscroscopis</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">cahaya.Namun</span>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">di mana detail</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">structual</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">baik</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">os</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">diperlukanuntukmemahami</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">fungsitertentu</span>,<span class="hps">mikrografelektron</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">digunakan</span>.</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">anyak</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">jaringan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sel</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dikelilingi</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">danterikat</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">bersamaoleh</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">matriks</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">interseluler</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tak hidup</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ma'triks)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">bahwa</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">mengeluarkan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">sel-sel</span>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">matriksbervariasi</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">dalam komposisi</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">darisatu</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">jaringan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">ke yang lain</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">dandapat</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">mengambilbentuk</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">cair,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">semipadat,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">ataupadat</span>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">darah, misalnya</span>,
memiliki<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">matriks</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">cair,memungkinkan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">jaringanini</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">mengalir</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">melaluipembuluh</span>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">Sebaliknya</span>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">sel-seltulangdipisahkan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">oleh</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">matrikspadat</span>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">memungkinkan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">jaringan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">ini</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">untukmendukung</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="hps">tubuh.</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<span class="hps"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 1 batang
rambut dalam folikel rambut</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="2.jpg" height="215" src="file:///C:/Users/berlian/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" width="283" /></span><span class="hps"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<span class="hps"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 2 batang
rambut yang muncul dari permukaan kulit yang terbuka</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="1.jpg" height="213" src="file:///C:/Users/berlian/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="270" /></span><span class="hps"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<span class="hps"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% whitesmoke; font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Angka 4.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penampilan kulit(a) diperbesar 25 kali.
Seperti yang terlihat melalui microscopis senyawa cahaya ,dan (b) diperbesar
280 kali seperti yang terlihat melalui pengamatan microscop elektron.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Microsoft PhagsPa","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10271231242125915327noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6554725584398580449.post-17972599710546966392012-11-07T04:27:00.001-08:002012-11-07T04:27:35.828-08:00Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan<div style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75;">
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</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KEANEKARAGAMAN TUMBUHAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Botani tumbuhan rendah merupakan
disiplin ilmu yang mengkaji berbagai jenis tumbuhan berupa tallus, tidak
memiliki akar, batang dan daun sejati. Dalam dunia botani tumbuhan rendah
dikenal berbagai divisi yang termasuk kedalam tumbuhan rendah antara lain :<i>Schyzophyta</i>(tumbuhan
belah), <i>Thallophyta</i>(tumbuhan tahlus), <i>Bryophyta</i> (tumbuhan
lumut), <i>Pteridophyta</i>(tumbuhan paku).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumbuhan nonvaskuler –lumut daun, lumut hati, dan lumut
tanduk-dikelompokkan bersama dalam satu divisi tunggal, Bryophtya(Bahasa
Yunani <i>bryon</i>, “lumut”). <i>Bryophyta </i>kebanyakan hidup di darat
dan sel-selnya telah mempunyai dinding yang terdiri atas selulosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pteridophyta</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan suatu golongan tumbuhan yang mempunyai daur
perkembangan dengan pergiliran keturunan yang beraturan. Tumbuhan ini
juga banyak ditemukan di darat, biasanya juga menempel pada substrat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungi hidup sebagai saprofit atau parasit, ada yang dalam
air, tetapi lebih banyak yang hidup didaratan. Sedangkan di dalam laut jarang
sekali didapatkan.Kebanyakan jamur yang hidup saprofit dapat dipelihara pada
substrat buatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui keanekaragaman tumbuhan tingkat
rendah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui
tumbuhan tingkat rendah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Keanekaragaman</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata keanekaragaman </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merupakan ungkapan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> untuk
menggambarkan keadaan bermacam-macam suatu benda, yang dapat terjadi akibat
adanya perbedaan dalam hal ukuran, bentuk, tekstur ataupun jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
sifat yang nampak pada berbagai tingkatan organisasi kehidupan seperti
ekosistem, jenis, dan genetik.Nilai keanekaragaman ditentukan dengan
menggunakan angka indeks.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dapat dikatakan bahwa keanekaragaman merupakan suatu
gejala yang dapat diamati dan bersifat universal (umum).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keanekaragaman merupakan ungkapan terdapatnya beranekaragam bentuk,
penampilan, densitas dan sifat yang nampak pada berbagai tingkatan organisasi
kehidupan seperti ekosistem, jenis, dan genetik. Nilai keanekaragaman
ditentukan dengan menggunakan angka indeks.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber Variasi Keanekaragaman</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Variasi Perkembangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Variasi perkembangan ini ditentukan secara genetis. Contoh pada tanaman
cocor bebek ( Kalanchoe pinnata ) terdapat daun tunggal dan majemuk menyirip
beranak daun tiga pada satu individu tanaman yang sering disebut
heteromorfisme.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Variasi yang disebabkan
Lingkungan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumbuh-tumbuhan keseluruhan beranekaragam dan banyak jenisnya menyimpang
dalam pertumbuhannya, sebagai respon terhadap lingkungan.Perubahan ini
disebabkan karena sinar, air, 892makanan, suhu, dan tanah.Sebagai contoh adalah
tumbuhan kaktus. Daun tanaman ini berbentuk seperi duri atau jarum dan tebal
karena tumbuh di daerah yang sinarnya berlebih yaitu di padang pasir atau
gurun. Sehingga agar tidak terjadi transpirasi berlebihan maka bentuk daun
tidak melebar seperti pada umumnya daun.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat pula variasi lingkungan yang menyebabkan keanekaragaman tumbuhan
dalam bentuk :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Ketinggian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan ketinggian suatu tempat dari garis pantai akan menyebabkan
perbedaan mikro klimat antara lain suhu, kelembaban, curah hujan, dan
lain-lain. Sehingga mengakibatkan sebaran berbagai jenis tumbuhan
berbeda-beda.Ketinggian tempat juga dapat menyebabkan isolasi jenis.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Letak Geografis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Letak geografis menyebabkan perbedaan makro klimat yang sangat tajam
seperti perbedaan musim, curah hujan, kelembaban, suhu, dan intensitas cahaya
matahari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Variasi Genetika</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Mutasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mutasi adalah perubahan yang terjadi secara mendadak diteruskan ke generasi
berikutnya yang bersifat kekal.Keturunan yang terjadi berbeda, baik bentuk
maupun sifatnya dengan induk.Mutasi dapat terjadi di alam bebas maupun secara
buatan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Rekombinasi dan Aliran Gen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerakan dan perukaran gen-gen di antara anggota populasi melukiskan
perpindahan gen-gen. Rekombinasi adalah hasil akibat kombinasi baru dari gen
yang telah ada. Perpindahan gen dan rekomendasi melibatkan gen-gen yang ada
dari pembawaan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Berdasarkan Organisasi Kehidupan dan
Taksonomi</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keanekaragaman Ekosistem</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keanekaragaman ekosistem didasarkan pada adanya variasi komponen-komponen penyusun
ekosistem. Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa ekosistem merupakan satu kesatuan utuh
antasra makhluk hidup dengan lingkungannya, baik lingkungan biotickmaupun
lingkungan abiotik dan komponen-komponen tersebut saling berinteraksi di
dalamnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keanekaragaman Komunitas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keanekaragaman komunitas dibagi berdasarkan adanya perbedaan mintakat,
modus hidup, rantai energi dan makan, interaksi, dan tingkatan takson.Beberapa
contoh keberagaman komunitas berdasarkan perbedaan mintakat antara lain adalah
keberagaman komunitas di dalam ekosistem danau terdiri dari komunitas tumbuhan
ataupun hewan litoral, komunitas organisme bentik, dan komunitas ikan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keanekaragaman Jenis ( Populasi )</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keanekaragaman jenis mengacu pada banyaknya spesies yang terdapat di dalam
marga.Faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap keanekaragaman jenis adalah pembatas
kehidupan yang berupa tekanan dan gangguan yang dapat berupa faktor fisik,
kimiawi, kompetisi antar individu dalam spesies atau antar individu dalam
spesies yang berbeda. Pada tingkat jenis pola sebaran tumbuhan dapat menyebar
secara luas ke seluruh bagian dunia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keanekaragaman Genetik</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keanekaragaman genetik pada dasarnya adalah keanekaragaman dalam jenis yang
terdiri dari beberapa takson antara lain :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak jenis </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Varietas </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak Varietas </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Forma</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lumut
(Bryophyta) </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-YsnZ2kgcEwWE16ICIPcpDTTD8qGA1QJ-PiFhVNu90hCVg3vlMY3WBEFCbPpvQ22525Xust1qITP9owXv2Q7Y0RQQiinNmRq4j_JCSb0Xsqz8UEBDIqsJ9y-eJv2nUrKXfROsYsCMXo0/s1600/Tumbuhan+lumut.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada umumnya, tumbuhan lumut dapat tumbuh
dengan mudah di tempat yang basah dan lembab.Tumbuhan lumut bersifat autotrof
karena mempunyai sel-sel dengan plastida yang menghasilkan klorofil.Tubuh lumut
diselubungi oleh kutikula lilin yang dapat mengurangi penguapan berlebihan dari
tubuhnya, sehingga memungkinkannya untuk dapat beradaptasi di lingkungan yang
tak terlalu basah.Tumbuhan lumut tergolong sebagai kormofita berspora, karena
tumbuhan ini menghasilkan spora sebagai alat perkembangbiakannya. Tumbuhan lain
yang juga termasukkormofita berspora adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://iwak-pithik.blogspot.com/2012/02/tumbuhan-paku-pterydophyta.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">tumbuhan paku</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ciri-ciri Lumut</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tumbuhan lumut mengalami pergiliran keturunan
(metagenesis). Dalam proses metagenesis ini, lumut mengalami dua fase
kehidupan, yaitu fase gametofit (haploid) dan fase sporofit (diploid). Lumut
memiliki dua alat perkembangbiakan (gametangium), yaitu arkegonium sebagai sel
gamet betina, dan anteridium sebagai sel gamet jantan.Berikut adalah bagan
tahapan metagenesis yang terjadi pada tumbuhan lumut.Daun pada tumbuhan lumut
mempunyai sel-sel yang kecil, sempit, panjang, dan mengandung kloroplas yang
tersusun seperti jala.Terdapat juga sel-sel mati yang berfungsi sebagai tempat
persediaan air dan penyimpanan cadangan makanan.Tumbuhan lumut mempunyai akar
dalam bentuk rizoid yang melekat pada tempat tumbuhnya lumut.Rizoid ini juga
berfungsi untuk menyerap air serta garam-garam mineral ke dalam tubuh lumut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Reproduksi Lumut</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lumut mengalami pergiliran keturunan
(metagenesis). Dalam proses metagenesis ini, lumut mengalami dua fase
kehidupan, yaitu fase gametofit (haploid) dan fase sporofit (diploid). Lumut
memiliki dua alat perkembangbiakan (gametangium), yaitu arkegonium sebagai sel
gamet betina, dan anteridium sebagai sel gamet jantan.Berikut adalah bagan
tahapan metagenesis yang terjadi pada tumbuhan lumut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqgdA1Mmrol8pgROiFhS_NFSiYBYbPdzo9FG4P3lmtUUeZw6et0Ju1stpawxGZxF1k3Tbwnkbirm69-LfSgjdcQWQqFWFYbzqE_5Ohc5pbLcmpaiyO24DWAZRy2FQ5fhdXXshnEndOfT0/s1600/metagenesis+tumbuhan+paku.png"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<b><i>c. Klasifikasi Lumut</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tumbuhan lumut (bryophyta) dibagi menjadi tiga
kelas, yaitu lumut daun (bryophyta), lumut hati (hepaticophyta), dan lumut
tanduk (anthocerotophyta).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lumut Daun
(Bryophyta) </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lumut daun
adalah jenis tumbuhan lumut yang sering dijumpai di daerah yang lembab.Pada
umumnya, satu individu lumut daun menghasilkan jenis gamet yang berbeda
sehingga dapat dibedakan mana individu jantan, mana individu betina.Akan tetapi
ada juga tumbuhan lumut yang menghasilkan gamet jantan anteridium) dan gamet
betina (arkegonium) dalam satu individu.Pada fase sporofit, tumbuhan lumut akan
menghasilkan spora sebagai alat perkembangbiakannya. Jika spora lumut sampai di
lingkungan yang sesuai, spora lumut akan tumbuh menjadi protonema. Protonema
inilah yang akhirnya tumbuh menjadi tumbuhan lumut baru.Contoh spesies tumbuhan
lumut daun adalah <i>Polytrichum juniperinum, Pogonatum cirratum, dan
Aerobryopsis longissima.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lumut Hati
(Hepaticophyta) </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tubuh lumut
hati tersusun atas struktur tubuh yang berbentuk hati pipih yang disebut talus
yang tidak terdiferensiasi menjadi akar, batang, maupun daun.Tumbuhan lumut
mempunyai tubuh yang terbagi menjadi dua lobus sehingga tampak seperti lobus
pada hati.<br />
<br />
Gametangium pada lumut hati umumnya terdapat pada struktur batang yang disebut
arkegoniofor (tempat penghasil arkegonium) dan anteridiofor (tempat penghasil
anteridium).Lumut hati juga bisa melakukan perkembangbiakan aseksual dengan sel
yang disebut gemma.Gemma merupakan struktur seperti mangkok yang terdapat di
permukaan gametofit.Contoh spesies lumut hati adalah <i>Marchantia polymorpha</i>
dan <i>Porella.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lumut Tanduk
(Anthocerotophyta) </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lumut tanduk
mempunyai gametofit yang mirip dengan gametofit pada lumut hati, perbedaan
antara keduanya hanya terdapat pada sporofitnya.Sporofit pada lumut tanduk
mempunyai kapsul memanjang yang tumbuh seperti tanduk. Ciri unik dari lumut
tanduk adalah sporofit akan terus tumbuh selama masa hidup gametofit. Contoh
dari lumut tanduk adalah <i>Anthoceros natans</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peranan
Tumbuhan Lumut</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beberapa spesies tumbuhan lumut mempunyai
peranan penting dalam kehidupan manusia, diantaranya:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies lumut <i>Marchantia polymorpha </i>,
biasa dimanfaatkan sebagai obat hepatitis.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jenis-jenis lumut gambut yang termasuk
dalam genus <i>Sphagnum</i> biasa digunakan sebagai pengganti kapas.
<i>Sphagnum </i>juga berfungsi untuk membantu penyerapan air dan menjaga
kelembaban tanah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cephalozoella massalongoi, </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">spesies
lumut ini biasa tumbuh di tanah atau batuan yang mengandung tembaga
sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai indikator keberadaan tembaga.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Asplenium nidus, </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">biasa
digunakan sebagai tanaman hias.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ganggang (Alga)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alga adalah
organisme berkloroplas yang dapat m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">en</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ghasilkan
oksigen melalui proses fotosintesis. </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ukuran alga beragam dan beberapa micrometer sarnpai beberapa meter
panjangnya. Alga tersebar luas di alam dan dijumpai hampir disegala macam lingkungan
yang terkena sinar matahari (Pelczar dan Chan, 1986).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam dunia tumbuhan ganggang termasuk kedalam dunia Thallopyta
(tumbuhan talus), karena belum mempunyai akar, batang dan daun secara
jelas. Tumbuhan ganggang ada yang bersel tunggal dan juga ada yang bersel
banyak dengan bentuk serupa benang
ataulembaran. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tubuh ganggang terdapat zat warna (pigmen), yaitu
: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- fikosianin : warna
biru <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- klorofil : warna
hijau <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- fikosantin : warna perang/ coklat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- fikoeritrin : warna merah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- karoten : warna
keemasan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- xantofil : warna
kuning </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ganggang bersifat autotrof (dapat menyusun makanannya sendiri).Hampir
semua ganggang bersifat eukaryotik. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Habitat hidupnya di air
tawar, laut dan tempat-tempat yang lembab.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kebanyakan alga adalah organisme akuatik yang tumbuh pada air tawar atnu
air laut. Beberapa jenis alga fotosintetik yang menggunakan CO sebagai sumber
karbon dapat tumbuh dengan baik di tempat gelap (lengan mcnggunakan senyawa
organik sebagai sumber karbon, jadi berubah dan metabolisme fotosintesis menjad
I metabolisme pernafasan dan perubahan mi bergantung pada keberadaan matahari
(Stanier et al, 1976).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alga menyimpan hasil kegiatan fotosintesis sebagal hasil bahan makanan
cadangan didalam selnya. Sebagal contoh adalah alga hijau yang dapat menyimpan
pati seperti pada tumbuhan tingkat tinggi (Pelezar dan Chan, I 986)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Habitat Algae</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Algae dapat hidup di permukaan atau dalam perairan (aquatik) maupun
daratan (terestrial) yang terkena sinar matahari, namun ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">banyakan hidup
di perairan. Algae laut mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting di dalam siklus
unsur-unsur di bumi, mengingat jumlah massanya yang sangat banyak yang
kemungkinan lebih besar dari jumlah tumbuhan di daratan.Beberapa algae laut
bersel satu bersimbiosis dengan hewan invertebrata tertentu yang hidup di laut,
misalnya spon, koral, cacing laut.Algae terestrial dapat hidup di permukaan
tanah, batang kayu, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Morfologi Algae</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Makro alga mempunyai
bentuk yang bermacam-macam. Selain tubuh berbentuk Thallus ciri lainnya adalah
bahwa dinding selnya dilapisi lendir dan bersifat autotrof yang dapat hidup
sendiri tanpa tergantung pada makhluk lain. Secara ekologi makro alga mempunyai
beberapa fungsi penting didaerah pesisir. Alga (Ganggang) termasuk tumbuhan
tingkat rendah yang berukuran makroskopis, dan susunan kerangka tubuhnya tidak
dapat dibedakan antara akar, batang dan daun, sehingga keseluruhan tubuhnya
dikenal dengan nama Thallus. Beberapa tumbuhan mempunyai bentuk kerangka tubuh
menyerupai tumbuhan berakar, berbatang dan berdaun atau berbuah, tetapi semua
bentuk tubuh tumbuhan tersebut sebetulnya hanyalah
thlallus.
<br />
Tubuh
alga berupa thallus dan memiliki struktur yang sangat bervariasi kadang-kadang
menyerupai kormus tumbuhan tinggkat tinggi. Bentuk thallus alga makroskopis
bermacam-macam antara lain bulat, pipih, gepeng bulat seperti kantong dan
seperti rambut. Thalli ada yang tersusun uniseluler dan multiseluler.
Percabangan thallus ada yang dichotomus (bercabang dua terus menerus),
pectinate (sederet searah pada satu sisi thallus utama ), pinnate (bercabang
dua-dua pada sepanjang thallus utama secara berseling), ferticinate (cabangnya
berpusat melingkari aksis atau sumbu utama), dan ada juga yang sederhana tidak
bercabang. Sifat substansi thalli juga beraneka ragam ada yang lunak seperti
gelatin (gelatinous), keras mengandung zat kapur (calcareous), lunak seperti
tulang rawan (cartilaginous) dan berserabut (spongious)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perkembangbiakan Algae</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perkembangbiakan
secara aseksual pada algae seperti pada jasad eukariotik lain, yaitu dengan
terbentuknya dua jenis sel khusus yang disebut gamet yang bersifat haploid. Dua
sel gamet tersebut melebur dan menghasilkan zygot yang bersifat diploid.Zygot
mempunyai dua turunan masing-masing kromosom (2n).Gamet hanya mempunyai satu
turunan kromosom (1 n). Proses reduksi jumlah kromosom ini disebut meiosis.
Meiosis terjadi dalam masa-masa yang berbeda pada berbagai siklus hidup algae.
Beberapa jenis algae selama siklus hidupnya terutama berada pada fase diploid,
tetapi algae lain mempunyai fase zygot sampai meiosis yang sangat singkat
sehingga dalam siklus hidupnya terutama berada pada fase haploid. Algae yang
berukuran besar (makroskopik) ada yang mempunyai 2 macam struktur reproduktif
yang berbeda, yaitu gametofit (haploid) dan sporofit (diploid). Sebagai contoh
adalah pada Ulva yang termasuk algae hijau.perkembangbiakan secara aseksual
terjadi melalui proses yang disebut mitosis. Kebanyakan algae bersel tunggal
berkembang biak dengan membelah diri seperti pada bakteri (prokariot).
Perbedaannya, pada pembelahan sel prokariot terjadi replikasi DNA dan
masing-masing sel hasil pembelahan mempunyai setengah DNA awal dan setengah DNA
hasil replikasi. Pada algae eukariot, terjadi penggandaan kromosom dengan
proses yang lebih kompleks yang disebut mitosis. Masing-masing sel hasil
pembelahan mempunyai kromosom turunannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Algae lain,
khususnya yang multiseluler, berkembang biak dengan berb<span style="background-color: yellow;"></span>agai cara. Beberapa
jenis algae dapat mengadakan fragmentasi, yaitu pemotongan bagian filamen yang
kemudian dapat tumbuh menjadi individu baru. Algae lainnya mampu berkembang
biak dengan menghasilkan spora. Spora algae mempunyai struktur yang berbeda dengan
endospora pada bakteri. Spora ada yang dapat bergerak aktif, yang disebut
zoospora, dan ada yang tidak dapat bergerak aktif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">Perkembang biakkan Alga ( Spirogyra)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">Klasifikasi</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alga dibedakan dalam 5 kelas yaitu:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1)
Cyanophyceae (Alga hijau-biru)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2)
Chlorophyceae ( Alga hijau)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3)
Chrysophyceae ( Alga keemasan)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4)
Phaeophyceae ( Alga coklat)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5)
Rhodophyceae (Alga merah) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e. Reproduksi</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Pembelahan
sel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sel membelah
menjadi 2 yang saling terpisah sehingga membentuk sel – sel tunggal, pada
beberapa generasi sel – sel membelah searah dan tidak saling terpisah sehingga
membentuk filamen yang terdiri atas deretan mata rantai sel yang disebut
trikom.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tempat – tempat tertentu
dari filamen baru setelah mengalami dormansi ( istirahat yang panjang ). </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Heterokist dapat mengikat nitrogen bebas di udara contoh pada
Gleocapsa. Heterokist adalah sel yang pucat, kandungan selnya terlihat homogen
(terlihat dengan mikroskop cahaya) dan memiliki dinding yang transparan.
Heterokist terbentuk oleh penebalan dinding sel vegetatif. Sedangkan akinet
terbentuk dari penebalan sel vegetatif sehingga menjadi besar dan penuh dengan
cadangan makanan (granula cyanophycin) dan penebalan-penabalan eksternal oleh
tambahan zat yang kompleks. <br />
b. Fragmentasi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fragmentasi adalah cara memutuskan bagian tubuh tumbuhan yang kemudian
membentuk individu baru. Fragmentasi terutama terjadi pada Oscillatoria. Pada
filamen yang panjang bila salah satu selnya mati maka sel mati itu membagi
filament menjadi 2 bagian atau lebih. Masing – masing bagian disebut
hormogonium. Fragmentasi juga dapat terjadi dari pemisahan dinding yang
berdekatan pada trikom atau karena sel yang mati yang mngkin menjadi potongan
bikonkaf yang terpisah atau necridia. Susunan hormogonium mungkin meliputi
kerusakan transeluler. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Spora </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada keadaan yang kurang menguntungkan Cyanobacteria akan membentuk
spora yang merupakan sel vegetatif. Spora membesar dan tebal karena penimbunan
zat makanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumbuhan Paku
(Pteridophyta) </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-left: -13.5pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-left: -13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tumbuhan paku dalam dunia tumbuh-tumbuhan termasuk golongan besar
atau Divisi Pteridophyta (pteris = bulu burung; phyta = tumbuhan), yang
diterjemahkansecara bebas berarti tumbuhan yang berdaun seperti bulu burung.
Tumbuhan paku merupakan tumbuhan peralihan antara tumbuhan bertalus dengan
tumbuhanberkormus, sebab paku mempunyai campuran sifat dan bentuk antara lumut
dengan tumbuhan tingkat tinggi.Indonesia dikenal sebagai salah satu pusat
keanekaragaman hayati yang utamadi dunia. Walaupun luasnya hanya meliputi 1,3%
permukaan bumi namun kawasanini mengandung berbagai jenis makhluk hidup.
Ditinjau dari keanekaragamantumbuhan ditemukan 225-300 jenis bakteri dan alga
biru, 4.280-12.000 jenis jamur(<i>Fungi</i>), 1.000-18.000 je<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6554725584398580449" name="_GoBack"></a>nis
ganggang (<i>Alga</i>), 1500 jenis lumut (<i>Bryophyta</i>), 1.250-1.500 jenis
paku-pakuan (<i>Pteridophyta</i>), 100 jenis Gymnospermae dan 2500-30.000jenis
tumbuhan berbunga (Angiospermae) dengan 100-150 suku tumbuhan.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ciri-ciri
Khas Tumbuhan Paku</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tumbuhan paku
merupakan suatu divisi tumbuhan kormus, artinyatumbuhnya dengan nyata dapat
dibedakan atas akar, batang dan daun.Namundemikian, tumbuhan paku belum
menghasilkan biji.Alat perkembangbiakantumbuhan paku yang utama adalah spora.
Oleh sebab itu ahli taksonomi membagidunia tumbuhan dalam dua kelompok yaitu
Cryptogamae dan Phanerogamae Menurut Rismunandar dan Ekowati (1991),
Pteridophyta disebut dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">nama Tracheopyta yang berarti tumbuhan yang berjaringan pembuluh.
Jaringanpembuluh ini terdiri atas 2 yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Pembuluh kayu (xylem)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berfungsi mengangkut air dan garam-garam tanah dari akar kebagian
atas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hingga daun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Pembuluh tapis (floem)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berfungsi mengangkat hasil asimilasi dari daun keseluruh bagian
organ</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">termasuk akar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tumbuhan Tracheophyta mengadakan perkawinan dengan menghasilkanspora
dan dapat tumbuh menjadi tumbuhan paku. Ciri-ciri khas dari paku-pakuanadalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Membentuk sporangia yang sangat besar jumlahnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Sporangia dibentuk di bagian bawah sporofil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Sperma masuk kedalam telur arkegonium dengan persaingan
langsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Botani
Sistematika Tumbuhan Paku</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tumbuhan paku dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan jenis dan ukuran
sporayang dihasilkan, sifat anulus, letak sporangium, dan sorusnya pada
daun.DivisiPteridophyta dibagi menjadi 4 kelas, yaitu Psilophytinae,
Equisetinae, Lycopodinaedan Filicinae.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Kelas Psilophytinae (Paku purba)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anggota paku kelas ini telah lama punah. Oleh karena itu orang
seringmenyebutnya dengan nama paku purba.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Contoh: <i>Psilotum nudum</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Kelas Equisetinae (Paku ekor kuda)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Seperti halnya kelas Psilophytinae sebagian besar anggota paku ekor
kudajuga sudah banyak yang punah.Umumnya paku ekor kuda memiliki batangberupa
rhyzoma.Cabang-cabang batangnya beruas-ruas.Pada ujung cahangbatang sering
ditemukan badan bulat disebut elatern.Badan ini merupakanpenghasil spora.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Contoh: <i>Equisetum debile </i>dan <i>Equisetutn arvense</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Kelas Lycopodinae (Paku rambut atau Paku kawat)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelas ini dibagi menjadi dua ordo yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1) Ordo Selaginellales</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family : Selaginellaceae</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Selagenella weldonowi</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2) Ordo Lycopodiales</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family : Lycopodiaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Lycopodium clavatum</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Kelas Filicinae (Paku sejati)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paku kelompok ini paling banyak anggota spesiesnya. Habitatnya di
darat, air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dan ada pula yang hidup menumpang pada tumbuhan lain sebagai
epifit. Kelas ini</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">mencakup beberapa sub kelas, yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1) Sub kelas Eusporangiatae</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ordo : Marattiales</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family : Marattiaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Christensenia aescul</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2) Sub kelas Hydropterides</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Semua anggota sub kelas ini hidup di air. Jadi, termasuk tumbuhan
hidrofit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dibagi atas dua family, yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family : Salviniaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Salvinia natans</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family : Marciliaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Marcillea crenata</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sub kelas Leptosporangiatae</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family : Schyzaeceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Lygodiun circinatum</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family: Hymenophillaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Hymenophillum austrate</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family : Cyatheaccae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Cyathea conlarninans</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Universitas Sumatera Utara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family : Gleicheinaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Gleichenia linearis (Paku resam)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family : Davalliaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Dava irichoinonuies</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family : Aspleniaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Asplenium nidus </i>(Paku sarang burung)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family : Pteridaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Adiantum peruvianum </i>(Suplir gunung)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family : Polypodiaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Draymoglosum phaseolides </i>(Sisik naga)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family : Acrostichaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spesies :<i>Platycerurn bifurcatum </i>(Tanduk rusa)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Tjitrosoepomo, 1991).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manfaat
Tumbuhan Paku</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tumbuhan paku banyak
ragamnya.Banyak diantaranya yang mempunyaibentuk yang menarik sehingga bagus
untuk dijadikan sebagai tanaman hias.Selainsebagai tanaman hias, paku dapat
pula dimanfaatkan sebagai sayuran berupa pucukpucukpaku.Dari segi obat-obatan
tradisional, paku pun tidak luput dari kehidupanmanusia.Ada jenis-jenis yang
daunnya dipakai untuk ramuan obat, ada pula yangrhizomanya.Batang paku yang
tumbuh baik dan yang sudah keras, diperuntukkanuntuk berbagai keperluan. Tidak
jarang sebagai tiang rumah, paku dipakai untukpengganti kayu, batang paku
diukir untuk dijadikan patung-patung yang dapatditempatkan di taman.
Kadang-kadang dipotong-potong untuk tempat bunga, misalnya tanaman anggrek.Sejak
dulu tumbuhan paku telah dimanfaatkan oleh manusia terutama sebagaibahan makanan
(sayuran). Dewasa ini pemanfaatannya berkembang sebagai materialbaku untuk
pembuatan kerajinan tangan, pupuk organik dan tumbuhan obatNilai ekonomi
tumbuhan paku terutama terletak pada keindahannya dansebagai tanaman
hortikultura beberapa jenis Lycopodinae yang suka panas digunakansebagai
tanaman hias dalam pot, dan paku kawat yang merayap yang digunakandalam
pembuatan karangan bunga, sedang sporanya kecil-kecil yang mudah terbakarkarena
kandungannya akan minyak, sehingga dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkankilat
panggung.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #351c75; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E.
Kesimpulan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Keanekaragaman
merupakan ungkapan terdapatnya beranekaragam bentuk, penampilan, densitas
dan sifat yang nampak pada berbagai tingkatan organisasi kehidupan seperti
ekosistem, jenis, dan genetik. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. tumbuhan yang termasuk
tumbuhan tingkat rendah adalah </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Schyzophyta</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(tumbuhan belah), <i>Thallophyta</i>(tumbuhan tahlus),
<i>Bryophyta</i> (tumbuhan lumut), <i>Pteridophyta</i>(tumbuhan
paku).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10271231242125915327noreply@blogger.com3